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दैनिक आलेख

DAILY ARTICLES

The state government is committed to inclusive development with justice, ensuring that all people, regions, and communities are included in the process. 
The development strategy in Bihar is inclusive, equitable, and sustainable, and is centered around economic progress. To elevate Bihar to the ranks of the developed states in India, the program of good governance is being implemented across the state. Under good governance, the government has focused on providing basic amenities like drinking water, toilets, and electricity to all citizens, along with expanding core infrastructure such as roads, drains, and bridges. Additionally, special emphasis is being placed on making women and youth self-reliant by providing access to higher vocational and technical education.

Incorporating all these elements, the government formulated Saat Nischay (Seven Resolves) Part-1 (2015&ndash;2020) and Saat Nischay Part-2 (2020&ndash;2025) as part of the good governance program. These schemes have been given a universal character so that people from all regions, communities, and classes benefit without any discrimination.

The government&rsquo;s highest priority is to strengthen law and order, establish the rule of law, and ensure a fear-free society. 
Strict action has been taken against organized crime, and a robust system of crime control has been implemented in accordance with legal provisions. To strengthen the police system, modern technologies and advanced training are being adopted to ensure efficient discharge of duties. As a result of the government&#39;s firm commitment, Bihar has maintained an environment of social harmony and communal peace.

According to the latest data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) for 2024, the rate of cognizable crimes in Bihar is 150.2 per lakh population, significantly lower than the national average of 230.8. Based on crime rate, Bihar ranks 24th among states and union territories. Most of the crimes registered in 2024 were solved, and many accused have been legally prosecuted and convicted.

To meet the national standard for police personnel, appointments were made in 2024 for 150 Deputy Superintendents of Police, 300 Sub-Inspectors, and 12,000 Constables. To separate law and order from investigation at the police station level, 6,000 Sub-Inspector and 3,000 Assistant Sub-Inspector posts were created. These steps have enhanced transparency and efficiency in police functioning.

The government follows a policy of zero tolerance against corruption. 
In 2024, the Vigilance Investigation Bureau registered 73 cases, including 65 bribery, 3 disproportionate assets, and 5 misuse of office cases. In 7 cases, movable and immovable properties of public servants were confiscated. The Economic Offences Unit registered 50 disproportionate assets cases, of which charge sheets were filed in 35. Under the Bihar Special Courts Act, property confiscation proceedings are ongoing in 30 cases. Under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), proposals for property confiscation exceeding ₹300 crore in 150 cases were sent to the Enforcement Directorate.

Along with strengthening administrative and financial structures, the focus has been on empowering citizens by providing them with legal rights. Under the Bihar Public Grievance Redressal Rights Act, 2015, citizens are entitled to a hearing and time-bound redressal of grievances. By 2025, over 6 lakh grievances have been resolved, enhancing public trust. This Act received the SKOCH Award for Good Governance and the Certificate of Distinction in the Citizen-Focused Innovation category from the Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management in 2024. Policies and schemes are being improved based on feedback received through public dialogue.

For infrastructure development and welfare schemes, the 2024&ndash;25 state budget is ₹2.12 lakh crore, which is 20% higher than the previous year. Tax revenue collection was ₹35,000 crore in 2023&ndash;24 and is estimated to be ₹42,000 crore in 2024&ndash;25. Revenue surplus is estimated at ₹25,000 crore, and the fiscal deficit is ₹13,000 crore (2.5% of state GDP), which is within the 3% limit set by the Bihar Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act.

According to the Central Statistics Office, Bihar&#39;s economic growth rate in 2023&ndash;24 was 10.8%, which is higher than the national average of 7.5%, placing Bihar among the top-performing states in the country. The Integrated Financial Management System, implemented in April 2019, has become fully digital by 2025, enhancing transparency and efficiency in financial and treasury operations.

To empower women, 50% reservation has been implemented in Panchayati Raj and urban local bodies, and 35% reservation has been provided in police recruitment as well as all government jobs. Under the Jeevika program, 10 lakh self-help groups have been formed by 2025, connecting 1.2 crore families. Under the Mukhyamantri Kanya Utthan Yojana, ₹2,000 is given at the birth of a girl, ₹1,000 for Aadhaar registration, and ₹2,000 upon vaccination. Girls passing Class 12 receive ₹15,000, and those graduating receive ₹50,000. The cycle scheme amount has been raised to ₹4,000 and uniform scheme benefits have also increased. More than 2 lakh girls benefited from these in 2024&ndash;25.

The implementation of Saat Nischay Part-1 and Part-2 is being carried out in mission mode by the Bihar Vikas Mission. Progress in the agriculture roadmap, education, and health schemes is being monitored. Under the Bihar Student Credit Card Scheme, youth are provided up to ₹4 lakh in loans at 4% simple interest, while women, persons with disabilities, and transgender individuals get the same at 1% interest. By 2025, 5 lakh youth have benefited. Under the Mukhyamantri Nishchay Swayam Sahayata Bhatta Yojana, ₹300 crore has been disbursed to 3.5 lakh youth. Under the Kushal Yuva Program, training in language, communication, and computer skills is being provided at 2,000 centers.

More than 350 government institutions have been equipped with free Wi-Fi facilities. Under the Startup Policy 2017, a venture capital fund of ₹700 crore has been created, and 1,500 startups have been linked for incubation. Under the Har Ghar Bijli Yojana, 1.19 crore households were covered by 2018, and 100% electrification has been ensured by 2025. Farmers are being given free electricity connections under the Mukhyamantri Krishi Vidyut Sambandh Yojana.

Under the Har Ghar Nal ka Jal Yojana, by 2025, work began in 40,000 rural wards, of which 30,000 have been completed, covering 25 lakh households. The Public Health Engineering Department began work in 6,000 non-quality-affected wards, completing 2,500 and covering 5 lakh households. Schemes have been approved for 4,000 arsenic, 4,200 fluoride, and 12,000 iron-affected wards. Under the Mini Pipe Water Supply Scheme, work began in 5,500 wards, 1,200 completed, covering 2 lakh homes. In urban areas, work started in 3,000 wards, with 8 lakh households receiving piped water.

बिहार का सुशासन और समावेशी विकास

Good governance and inclusive development of Bihar

Introduction

The foundation of Indian democracy rests on the delicate balance among its three pillars: the Legislature, the Executive, and the Judiciary. This balance is the soul of the Constitution, which mandates these institutions to function collaboratively while maintaining checks and balances. In recent decades, several landmark decisions by the Supreme Court have sparked a debate: Is the judiciary surpassing the authority of Parliament, effectively becoming a &#39;Super Parliament&#39;? Or is it merely fulfilling its role as the guardian of the Constitution? This question is not just about constitutional arrangements but also about the future of Indian democracy. This article examines whether the Supreme Court is indeed a &#39;Super Parliament&#39; or operates within its constitutional limits to protect democratic principles.

Why is the Supreme Court Called a &#39;Super Parliament&#39;?

The Supreme Court&rsquo;s powers and proactive role distinguish it from Parliament, occasionally positioning it as a superior authority in specific contexts. The following points elucidate this perception:

<ol>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Supreme Interpreter of the Constitution: The Supreme Court holds the ultimate authority to interpret the Indian Constitution. Under Article 141, its judgments are binding across the nation. This implies that any law passed by Parliament, if found to be in conflict with the Constitution, can be struck down by the judiciary. This power grants the judiciary a supervisory role over Parliament. For instance, in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) case, the Court established the &#39;Basic Structure Doctrine,&#39; ruling that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution&rsquo;s fundamental framework. This landmark decision set a clear limit on Parliament&rsquo;s amendment powers.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Judicial Review: The judiciary has the power to review the constitutionality of laws and amendments passed by Parliament. If a law violates fundamental rights or other constitutional provisions, the Supreme Court can declare it unconstitutional. Key examples include: 
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li style="text-align:justify">Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980): The Court struck down a parliamentary amendment that undermined fundamental rights.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967): The Court ruled that Parliament could not amend fundamental rights, though this was later modified by the 24th Constitutional Amendment.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975): The Court invalidated an amendment that sought to shield the Prime Minister&rsquo;s election from judicial scrutiny.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Electoral Bonds Case (2024): The Court declared the Electoral Bonds Scheme unconstitutional for violating the Right to Information (RTI) and transparency.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Protector of Fundamental Rights: Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution allow citizens to approach the Supreme Court or High Courts directly if their fundamental rights are violated. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described Article 32 as the &#39;heart and soul&#39; of the Constitution. This provision empowers the judiciary to oversee the actions of both Parliament and the Executive. Notable cases include: 
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li style="text-align:justify">Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017): The Court declared triple talaq unconstitutional, safeguarding Muslim women&rsquo;s rights.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018): The Court decriminalized homosexuality by striking down parts of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Sabarimala Temple Case (2018): The Court lifted the ban on women&rsquo;s entry into the Sabarimala temple, promoting gender equality.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Public Interest Litigation (PIL): Since the 1980s, PILs have enabled the judiciary to address societal issues proactively. Any citizen can file a PIL on matters of public interest, leading to significant reforms in various domains: 
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li style="text-align:justify">Environmental Protection: Orders banning firecrackers during Diwali and guidelines for industrial waste management.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Child Labour Eradication: Bans on child labour in hazardous industries.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Police Reforms: Directives for transparency in police recruitment, transfers, and autonomy.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Prison Reforms: Measures to improve prison conditions and protect prisoners&rsquo; rights.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Anti-Corruption Initiatives: Suo motu actions and orders for fair investigations in corruption cases.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Judicial Activism: Judicial activism occurs when the judiciary intervenes in the functions of the Legislature or Executive to protect the Constitution. Its objectives include safeguarding fundamental rights, addressing administrative inaction, and ensuring proper implementation of laws. Examples include: 
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li style="text-align:justify">Firecracker Ban: Restrictions on firecracker sales and use during Diwali to combat air pollution.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Sabarimala Verdict: Ensuring women&rsquo;s equal religious rights.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Section 377 Decriminalization: Protecting the rights of the LGBTQ+ community.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Article 142: Power to Do Complete Justice: Article 142 grants the Supreme Court the authority to pass orders necessary for delivering &#39;complete justice,&#39; even beyond existing legal provisions. This unique power enables the Court to act flexibly in the interest of justice. Key examples: 
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li style="text-align:justify">Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid Case (2019): The Court awarded the disputed land to Ram Lalla and allocated alternative land to the Muslim side to maintain social harmony.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Sahara-SEBI Case: Orders for refunding investors when standard procedures failed.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">MP/MLA Bribery Immunity Case (2024): The Court ruled that MPs/MLAs accepting bribes for votes or speeches are not immune under Articles 105 or 194.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ol>

Recent Developments (2024-2025)

Recent judicial interventions further highlight the Supreme Court&rsquo;s significant role:

<ol>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Electoral Bonds Scheme (February 2024): The Court struck down the Electoral Bonds Scheme, citing violations of transparency and the Right to Information. This decision promoted accountability in political funding and curbed the misuse of black money in elections.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Removal of Immunity for MPs/MLAs in Bribery Cases (March 2024): Overruling a 1998 verdict, the Court held that MPs/MLAs accepting bribes for votes or speeches are not entitled to immunity. This landmark ruling strengthened anti-corruption measures and upheld parliamentary dignity.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Tamil Nadu v. Governor Case (April 2025): The Court directed governors to act on the advice of elected state governments and clarified that governors lack the constitutional authority to withhold assent to bills re-passed by state legislatures. This reinforced federalism and democratic mandates.</li>
</ol>

Criticisms and Concerns

While the judiciary&rsquo;s powers are essential for constitutional protection, their extensive use raises concerns:

<ol>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Judicial Overreach: When the judiciary interferes in policymaking or administrative functions, it is termed judicial overreach. Examples include issuing directives on administrative appointments or policy matters, which fall under the Executive&rsquo;s domain.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Imbalance in Democracy: Frequent invalidation of parliamentary laws can disrupt the balance among the three pillars, raising questions about Parliament&rsquo;s sovereignty.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Potential Misuse of Article 142: The lack of clear boundaries for Article 142&rsquo;s application raises concerns about its overuse, potentially rendering the judiciary overly powerful or authoritarian.</li>
</ol>

Conclusion

The Supreme Court is not a &#39;Super Parliament&#39; but the guardian of the Constitution. It does not stand above Parliament but ensures the supremacy of the Constitution. Its powers, including judicial review, PILs, and Article 142, equip it to protect fundamental rights and uphold democratic values. However, excessive interference risks unsettling the democratic balance. The judiciary must exercise its powers judiciously to maintain a healthy and sustainable democracy, ensuring that it complements rather than overshadows the roles of the Legislature and Executive.

क्या सर्वोच्च न्यायालय संसद से ऊपर है या 'सुपर संसद' है?

Is the Supreme Court Above Parliament or a 'Super Parliament'?

वक्फ संशोधन विधेयक 2024

Wakf Amendments Bill 2024

मिशन कर्मयोगी

Mission Karmayogi | Current Affairs

एक राष्ट्र, एक चुनाव: विश्लेषण

One Nation, One Election: An Analysis

भारत-अमेरिका द्विपक्षीय संबंध – एक संक्षिप्त विवरण

India-US Bilateral Relations – A Brief Journey

राज्य के नीति निदेशक सिद्धांत (DPSP) और बिहार: एक विस्तृत विश्लेषण

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) and Bihar: An In-Depth Analysis

Poverty and unemployment have long been persistent challenges in India, particularly in rural areas where a lack of economic opportunities and financial resources hinders sustainable growth. In response to this issue, the Government of Bihar launched the JEEVIKA under the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project (BRLP), with support from the World Bank. The primary objective of this initiative is to empower rural women, alleviate poverty, and foster financial independence through Self-Help Groups (SHGs). By organizing women into SHGs, JEEVIKA enables them to access banking services, microfinance, skill development programs, and income-generating opportunities, thereby fostering economic self-sufficiency and social upliftment.

The JEEVIKA aims to eradicate rural poverty by promoting entrepreneurship and financial inclusion, with a special focus on women-led development. One of its most significant aspects is the formation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs), which allow women to collectively save, access low-interest loans, and invest in various income-generating activities. These SHGs function as community-based financial institutions, reducing the dependence of rural families on high-interest moneylenders and exploitative financial systems.

Additionally, JEEVIKA emphasizes capacity-building programs that provide training in agriculture, animal husbandry, tailoring, food processing, handicrafts, small-scale industries, and digital literacy. By equipping women with these skills, the scheme ensures that they not only secure employment but also develop entrepreneurial mindsets, contributing to the long-term economic stability of their households and communities.

A crucial component of the scheme is market linkages, which help rural producers sell their goods beyond their local regions. SHG products such as handwoven textiles, dairy products, organic food, and handmade crafts are marketed under government initiatives, increasing their reach and profitability. Additionally, partnerships with private enterprises, e-commerce platforms, and government procurement programs have further strengthened these market connections, ensuring sustainable income generation.

JEEVIKA also integrates social development programs related to healthcare, nutrition, education, gender equality, and sanitation, recognizing that economic empowerment alone cannot lead to holistic development. By addressing social barriers such as gender discrimination, child marriage, domestic violence, and lack of education, the scheme plays a transformative role in enhancing the overall quality of life in rural communities.

The impact of JEEVIKA has been profound and far-reaching. With over 10 million rural women benefiting from the program, it has successfully improved financial stability, increased employment rates, and enhanced social mobility in Bihar. Women who were once confined to household chores have now become successful entrepreneurs, decision-makers, and active contributors to economic growth.

One of the most remarkable achievements of JEEVIKA is the significant rise in household incomes, which has enabled better access to education, healthcare, and improved living conditions for thousands of families. Increased financial independence has empowered women to make informed decisions about their lives, such as investing in their children&rsquo;s education, improving their homes, and securing better healthcare services. This shift has led to a gradual but noticeable reduction in rural-to-urban migration, as families find sustainable employment within their own communities.

Furthermore, JEEVIKA has strengthened women&rsquo;s participation in local governance and community decision-making. Many SHG members have been elected to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), where they actively contribute to policy discussions and play a key role in local development. This has led to increased awareness about women&rsquo;s rights, social justice, and grassroots democracy, creating a more inclusive and progressive rural society.

Despite its numerous successes, JEEVIKA faces certain challenges that need to be addressed to maximize its effectiveness. One of the major issues is limited awareness about the scheme in remote areas, preventing many eligible women from joining SHGs. Additionally, market accessibility remains a challenge, as many rural producers struggle to compete with large-scale commercial businesses due to a lack of branding, packaging, and distribution networks.

Another pressing concern is the impact of climate change on rural livelihoods, particularly for those engaged in agriculture and allied sectors. Unpredictable weather patterns, declining soil fertility, and water scarcity threaten the sustainability of farming-based livelihoods. To counter this, the scheme must integrate climate-resilient farming techniques, water conservation methods, and renewable energy solutions to ensure long-term economic security for rural communities.

Moreover, while JEEVIKA has made significant progress in digital and financial literacy, many rural women still face technological barriers, limiting their ability to access digital banking, online markets, and government services. Expanding digital training programs and introducing simplified financial tools can further bridge this gap, ensuring greater financial inclusion.

To enhance its impact and reach, the JEEVIKA must be expanded beyond Bihar to other states facing similar rural development challenges. A nationwide adoption of this model could accelerate poverty alleviation, promote women-led entrepreneurship, and contribute to India&#39;s vision of a self-reliant economy.

Additionally, strengthening public-private partnerships can help improve market access for SHG products. Collaborations with e-commerce platforms, corporate buyers, and export agencies can open new revenue streams for rural entrepreneurs, ensuring sustainable business growth. Furthermore, integrating technological innovations, such as blockchain-based financial systems, AI-driven agricultural advisory, and digital supply chains, can modernize rural economies and enhance efficiency.

The government should also focus on policy enhancements to provide greater financial incentives, skill development grants, and infrastructure support for SHG-led enterprises. A stronger emphasis on youth involvement can ensure that the next generation continues to build upon the foundation laid by JEEVIKA, fostering long-term socio-economic stability.

JEEVIKA stands as a transformative initiative that has played a crucial role in poverty reduction, women empowerment, and rural economic growth in Bihar. By promoting financial independence, skill development, and community-driven entrepreneurship, the scheme has redefined the rural development model, offering a sustainable path to socio-economic progress.

While complete eradication of rural poverty remains a long-term challenge, the success of JEEVIKA demonstrates that structured financial inclusion, grassroots-level capacity building, and social empowerment can collectively bring about tangible improvements in rural livelihoods. If further strengthened and expanded, the initiative holds the potential to become a blueprint for rural economic development across India, setting a precedent for future poverty alleviation programs.

With sustained efforts, policy innovations, and active community participation, India can move closer to its vision of an inclusive, self-reliant, and prosperous rural society, making JEEVIKA a symbol of resilience, progress, and hope for millions striving for a better future.

&nbsp;

"जीविका" की सार्थकता

Significance of "JEEVIKA"

Introduction 

Fundamental rights are called fundamental or basic because they are essential and natural for human development. These rights, enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Indian Constitution, guarantee civil liberties so that all Indians can live in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These rights include most of the common individual rights found in liberal democracies, such as equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies through writs such as habeas corpus. Subject to judicial discretion, violations of these rights are punishable under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. Fundamental rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen is entitled to for the proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, regardless of caste, place of birth, religion, race, creed, color, or gender. They are enforceable by courts, subject to certain restrictions.

Six Fundamental Rights:

<ol>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Right to Equality: Includes equality before the law, prohibition of discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, and equal opportunity in matters of employment.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Right to Freedom: Includes freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and the practice of any profession or occupation (some of these rights are subject to security of the state, friendly relations with foreign countries, public order, and morality).</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Right against Exploitation: Prohibits all forms of forced labor, child labor, and human trafficking.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Right to Freedom of Religion: Guarantees freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Cultural and Educational Rights: Ensures the rights of any section of citizens to conserve their language, script, or culture and grants minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Right to Constitutional Remedies: Enables individuals to seek enforcement of fundamental rights through courts.</li>
</ol>

The term &quot;rights&quot; refers to freedoms that are essential for both individual well-being and community welfare. The rights guaranteed under the Indian Constitution are fundamental because they are incorporated into the supreme law of the land and can be enforced in a court of law. However, this does not mean they are absolute or immune to constitutional amendments.

One of the objectives of fundamental rights for Indians is to eliminate inequalities in pre-independence social practices. Specifically, they have been used to abolish untouchability and prohibit discrimination based on religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth. They also prevent human trafficking and forced labor. Additionally, they safeguard the cultural and educational rights of ethnic and religious minorities, allowing them to preserve their languages and establish and administer their educational institutions.

Fundamental rights were incorporated into the Constitution as they were deemed necessary for an individual&rsquo;s personality development and for upholding human dignity. All individuals, irrespective of caste, religion, race, or gender, have the right to approach the Supreme Court and High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It is not necessary for the aggrieved party to file a petition. Those suffering from poverty may not have the means to do so, and therefore, any individual can initiate legal action on their behalf in public interest, known as &quot;Public Interest Litigation&quot; (PIL). In some instances, High Court judges have taken suo moto action based on news reports.

These fundamental rights not only help in ensuring security but also prevent gross violations of human rights. They emphasize the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing access and utilization of equal facilities for all citizens, irrespective of their background. Some fundamental rights apply to individuals of any nationality, while others are exclusively available to Indian citizens. The right to life and personal liberty, as well as freedom of religion, is available to all individuals. On the other hand, freedom of speech and expression and the right to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved only for Indian citizens, including non-resident Indian citizens. The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be granted to foreign nationals in India.

Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from arbitrary actions of the state, but some rights are also enforceable against individuals. For instance, the Constitution abolishes untouchability and prohibits bonded labor. These provisions act as checks not only against state actions but also against actions by private individuals. However, these rights are neither absolute nor unrestricted and are subject to reasonable limitations necessary for general welfare. The Supreme Court has ruled that all constitutional provisions, including fundamental rights, can be amended. However, Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the Constitution. Features such as secularism and democracy fall within this category. Since fundamental rights can only be modified through constitutional amendment, they hold paramount importance in the governance of the country.

Impact of National Emergency on Fundamental Rights: During a national emergency, fundamental rights are adversely affected. Under such circumstances, the rights granted by Article 19 (freedom of speech, assembly, movement, etc.) remain suspended. The legislature may enact laws that contravene the rights provided in Article 19. Additionally, the President may issue an order suspending the right to approach the courts for the enforcement of other fundamental rights.

Summary:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Fundamental rights are protected and guaranteed by the Constitution.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">They are not absolute: Parliament can limit them or impose reasonable restrictions for a specific period, but courts have the power to review the rationality of such restrictions.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">They are justiciable: The Constitution allows individuals to directly approach the Supreme Court for enforcement if they are violated or restricted.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Suspension of fundamental rights: Except for rights guaranteed under Articles 20 and 21, all fundamental rights can be suspended during a national emergency.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Restriction of fundamental rights: They may be restricted in certain areas under military rule.</li>
</ul>

Conclusion 

Fundamental rights play a crucial role as they are the most essential for achieving an individual&rsquo;s complete intellectual, moral, and spiritual state. The purpose behind incorporating fundamental rights into the Constitution was to uphold personal freedom, create an egalitarian society, and establish a welfare state governed by the rule of law.

परिचय

मौलिक अधिकारों को &quot;मौलिक&quot; इसलिए कहा जाता है क्योंकि वे व्यक्ति के विकास और गरिमा के लिए आवश्यक हैं। भारतीय संविधान के भाग III (अनुच्छेद 12 से 35) में निहित ये अधिकार नागरिक स्वतंत्रता की गारंटी देते हैं, जिससे सभी भारतीय नागरिक शांति और सद्भाव से जीवन व्यतीत कर सकें। ये अधिकार कानून के समक्ष समानता, अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता, शांतिपूर्ण सभा की स्वतंत्रता, धर्म की स्वतंत्रता और संवैधानिक उपचारों का अधिकार जैसी नागरिक स्वतंत्रताओं को सुनिश्चित करते हैं।

मौलिक अधिकार प्रत्येक भारतीय नागरिक के लिए आवश्यक बुनियादी स्वतंत्रताएँ हैं, जो उनके समग्र विकास और समाज में न्यायसंगत भागीदारी के लिए आवश्यक हैं। ये अधिकार जाति, धर्म, लिंग, भाषा, जन्म स्थान या किसी अन्य आधार पर बिना किसी भेदभाव के सभी नागरिकों पर समान रूप से लागू होते हैं और न्यायालयों द्वारा प्रवर्तनीय हैं।

<h2 style="text-align: justify;">छह मौलिक अधिकार</h2>

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">1. समानता का अधिकार (Right to Equality)</h3>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">कानून के समक्ष सभी नागरिकों की समानता।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">धर्म, जाति, नस्ल, लिंग या जन्म स्थान के आधार पर भेदभाव पर प्रतिबंध।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">सार्वजनिक रोजगार में समान अवसर की गारंटी।</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">2. स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार (Right to Freedom)</h3>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">अभिव्यक्ति, भाषण, सभा, संघ, आंदोलन, निवास और किसी भी व्यवसाय या पेशे को अपनाने की स्वतंत्रता।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">ये अधिकार सार्वजनिक व्यवस्था, नैतिकता, राज्य की सुरक्षा और विदेशों के साथ मैत्रीपूर्ण संबंधों के मद्देनजर सीमित किए जा सकते हैं।</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">3. शोषण के विरुद्ध अधिकार (Right Against Exploitation)</h3>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">मानव तस्करी, जबरन श्रम और बाल श्रम पर पूर्ण प्रतिबंध।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">किसी भी प्रकार के शोषण के विरुद्ध कानूनी सुरक्षा।</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">4. धर्म की स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार (Right to Freedom of Religion)</h3>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">किसी भी धर्म को मानने, उसका पालन करने और प्रचार करने की स्वतंत्रता।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">धर्म के आधार पर किसी भी प्रकार की सामाजिक या राजनीतिक बाध्यता पर रोक।</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">5. सांस्कृतिक और शैक्षिक अधिकार (Cultural and Educational Rights)</h3>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">किसी भी समुदाय को अपनी भाषा, लिपि और संस्कृति को संरक्षित करने का अधिकार।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">अल्पसंख्यकों को अपनी पसंद के शिक्षण संस्थान स्थापित और संचालित करने का अधिकार।</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">6. संवैधानिक उपचारों का अधिकार (Right to Constitutional Remedies)</h3>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">यदि किसी नागरिक का मौलिक अधिकार उल्लंघित होता है, तो वह न्यायालय में इसकी रक्षा के लिए जा सकता है।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">उच्चतम न्यायालय और उच्च न्यायालय रिट जारी कर सकते हैं (हैबियस कॉर्पस, मैंडेमस, प्रोहिबिशन, सर्टियोरारी और क्वो वारंटो)।</li>
</ul>

<h2 style="text-align: justify;">मौलिक अधिकारों का महत्व</h2>

मौलिक अधिकार नागरिकों को सरकार और अन्य शक्तिशाली संस्थाओं की मनमानी से बचाने के लिए एक सुरक्षा कवच प्रदान करते हैं। ये अधिकार भारत को एक लोकतांत्रिक और समतावादी समाज बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">समानता: यह अधिकार जातिगत भेदभाव को समाप्त करता है और सामाजिक समरसता को बढ़ावा देता है।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता: प्रत्येक नागरिक को अपनी राय व्यक्त करने और अपनी इच्छानुसार जीवन जीने का अधिकार मिलता है।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">शोषण से सुरक्षा: कमजोर वर्गों के अधिकारों की रक्षा करता है और उन्हें न्याय दिलाने की प्रक्रिया को सरल बनाता है।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">धार्मिक स्वतंत्रता: सभी धर्मों को समान सम्मान देता है और सांप्रदायिक सौहार्द को बढ़ावा देता है।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">शिक्षा और संस्कृति: प्रत्येक समुदाय को अपनी सांस्कृतिक पहचान बनाए रखने और शिक्षा प्राप्त करने की स्वतंत्रता देता है।</li>
</ul>

<h2 style="text-align: justify;">मौलिक अधिकारों की प्रवर्तनीयता और सीमाएँ</h2>

हालाँकि, मौलिक अधिकार पूर्णतः निरपेक्ष नहीं हैं। राज्य सुरक्षा, सार्वजनिक व्यवस्था और नैतिकता की रक्षा के लिए इनमें उचित प्रतिबंध लगाए जा सकते हैं।

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">संशोधन और न्यायिक समीक्षा: संसद इन अधिकारों में संशोधन कर सकती है, लेकिन यह संविधान की मूल संरचना को नहीं बदल सकती।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">व्यक्तिगत और राज्य के खिलाफ प्रवर्तन: कुछ अधिकारों को व्यक्तियों और सरकार दोनों के विरुद्ध लागू किया जा सकता है, जैसे कि अस्पृश्यता का उन्मूलन।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">जनहित याचिका (PIL): कोई भी नागरिक किसी अन्य नागरिक के अधिकारों की रक्षा के लिए न्यायालय में याचिका दायर कर सकता है।</li>
</ul>

<h2 style="text-align: justify;">राष्ट्रीय आपातकाल में मौलिक अधिकारों का प्रभाव</h2>

राष्ट्रीय आपातकाल (अनुच्छेद 352, 356 और 360) लागू होने पर कुछ मौलिक अधिकार निलंबित किए जा सकते हैं।

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">अनुच्छेद 19 के अधिकार: (स्वतंत्रता से जुड़े अधिकार) आपातकाल के दौरान निलंबित हो सकते हैं।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">अनुच्छेद 20 और 21 के अधिकार: (जीवन और व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता) को आपातकाल के दौरान भी समाप्त नहीं किया जा सकता।</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">न्यायालय जाने का अधिकार: राष्ट्रपति आदेश जारी करके मौलिक अधिकारों के प्रवर्तन को अस्थायी रूप से रोक सकते हैं।</li>
</ul>

<h2 style="text-align: justify;">संक्षेप में</h2>

✅ संविधान द्वारा संरक्षित: मौलिक अधिकार भारतीय संविधान में स्पष्ट रूप से उल्लिखित हैं। 
✅ पूर्णतः निरपेक्ष नहीं: सरकार कुछ परिस्थितियों में इन पर उचित प्रतिबंध लगा सकती है। 
✅ न्यायसंगत: नागरिक न्यायालय में इन अधिकारों की रक्षा के लिए याचिका दायर कर सकते हैं। 
✅ आपातकाल में निलंबन: अनुच्छेद 20 और 21 को छोड़कर, अन्य मौलिक अधिकार निलंबित किए जा सकते हैं। 
✅ सैन्य शासन में प्रतिबंध: कुछ क्षेत्रों में विशेष परिस्थितियों के तहत मौलिक अधिकारों पर प्रतिबंध लगाया जा सकता है।

<h2 style="text-align: justify;">निष्कर्ष</h2>

मौलिक अधिकार भारतीय लोकतंत्र की आधारशिला हैं। ये अधिकार हर नागरिक को गरिमामय जीवन जीने की स्वतंत्रता और सामाजिक समानता की गारंटी देते हैं। संविधान में इन्हें शामिल करने का उद्देश्य व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता की रक्षा करना, सामाजिक न्याय को बढ़ावा देना और एक कल्याणकारी राज्य की स्थापना करना है। लोकतंत्र की सफलता इन अधिकारों की प्रभावी सुरक्षा और क्रियान्वयन पर निर्भर करती है।

मौलिक अधिकारों को "मौलिक" इसलिए कहा जाता है-

Fundamental rights are "Fundamental"

Introduction

Caste plays a crucial role in shaping the nature of Indian politics. It has become an integral element of Indian politics. Theoretically, caste and democratic politics represent opposing value systems, as caste is a hierarchical structure, whereas democracy is based on equality and freedom. Despite this contradiction, caste has left a deep imprint on the Indian political system.

The caste system in India is traditionally divided into four main categories: Brahmins (priests and teachers), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants), and Shudras (servants). Within these hierarchical structures, there are hundreds of sub-castes. Each caste is associated with certain characteristics such as valor or craftsmanship. Caste equations have played a significant role in Indian politics, with political parties formulating electoral strategies based on caste demographics.

Role of Caste in Politics Caste influences Indian politics in the following ways:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Social stratification system: Caste affects the socio-economic and political landscape of society.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Political socialization: Caste values and interests shape political thinking, awareness, and participation.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Candidate nomination: Caste consciousness guides political parties in selecting candidates.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Impact on political campaigns: Parties heavily consider caste while formulating their electoral campaigns.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Voting behavior: Caste plays a decisive role in shaping electoral campaigns and voter behavior.</li>
</ul>

Caste has become an essential component of Indian politics, impacting society both positively and negatively.

Positive Effects of Caste on Politics

<ol>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Caste solidarity: Caste organizations contribute to education, healthcare, and social services.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Caste groups and alliances: Different castes unite to safeguard their rights.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Empowerment of the marginalized: Backward castes have gained political representation and empowerment.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Advancement of social justice: Caste-based laws provide security and protection to disadvantaged communities.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Expansion of democratic culture: Caste-based organizations help in promoting democratic ideals.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Role of pressure groups: Caste-based organizations influence policy decisions.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Contribution to economic development: Caste-based groups work towards economic inclusion.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Increased political participation: Caste politics has provided a platform for Dalits, backward classes, and tribal groups.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Reservation policies: These help reduce social inequality in education and government jobs.</li>
</ol>

Negative Effects of Caste on Politics

<ol>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Caste-based division: Caste politics has led to societal fragmentation.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Social and political tensions: Reservation policies have led to dissatisfaction among other groups.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Mobilization by regional political parties: This weakens national unity.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Impact on policy decisions: Government policies are often influenced by caste considerations.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Decline in democratic values: Caste politics goes against the principles of equality and unity.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Diversion from developmental issues: Caste-based politics often sidetracks crucial developmental agendas.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Caste-based violence: Ethnic conflicts and unrest are rising due to caste-based discrimination.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Fake caste identity claims: Some individuals falsely claim lower caste status to avail benefits.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Opportunism in politics: Caste politics has become a tool for power rather than genuine development efforts.</li>
</ol>

Conclusion 

India is a democratic country, and caste is a deeply entrenched social institution. Caste-based politics can be a challenge to democracy, as it contradicts the ideals of social unity and equality. If people continue to vote solely on caste lines, it indicates a regressive societal outlook. The elimination of the caste system is the only way forward for democracy to flourish in its true essence. Caste-based politics requires a balanced perspective. While ensuring social justice and equality, policy reforms should aim at reducing caste-based divisions. To move beyond caste-driven politics, India must promote education, awareness, and inclusive development. Only then can a strong and harmonious society be built.

परिचय

जाति भारतीय राजनीति की प्रकृति को आकार देने में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है। यह भारतीय राजनीति का अभिन्न तत्व बन गई है। सैद्धांतिक रूप से, जाति और लोकतांत्रिक राजनीति विपरीत मूल्य प्रणालियों का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं, क्योंकि जाति एक श्रेणीबद्ध व्यवस्था है, जबकि लोकतंत्र समानता और स्वतंत्रता पर आधारित होता है। इसके बावजूद, जाति ने भारतीय राजनीतिक व्यवस्था पर अपनी गहरी छाप छोड़ी है।

भारत में जाति व्यवस्था चार मुख्य वर्गों में विभाजित है - ब्राह्मण (पुजारी और शिक्षक), क्षत्रिय (योद्धा और शासक), वैश्य (व्यापारी), और शूद्र (सेवक)। इस पदानुक्रम में सैकड़ों उप-जातियाँ भी शामिल हैं। प्रत्येक जाति को विशिष्ट विशेषताओं, जैसे वीरता या शिल्प कौशल, से जोड़ा गया है। भारतीय राजनीति में जातीय समीकरण अत्यधिक प्रभावशाली रहे हैं, और राजनीतिक दल अपनी चुनावी रणनीतियों को जातीय संरचना के अनुरूप तैयार करते हैं।

राजनीति में जाति की भूमिका जाति निम्नलिखित तरीकों से भारतीय राजनीति को प्रभावित करती है:

<ul>
	<li>सामाजिक स्तरीकरण प्रणाली: जाति समाज के सामाजिक-आर्थिक और राजनीतिक परिदृश्य को प्रभावित करती है।</li>
	<li>राजनीतिक समाजीकरण: जातिगत मूल्य और हित राजनीतिक सोच, जागरूकता और भागीदारी को प्रभावित करते हैं।</li>
	<li>उम्मीदवारों का नामांकन: जातिगत चेतना राजनीतिक दलों को उम्मीदवारों के चयन में मार्गदर्शन करती है।</li>
	<li>राजनीतिक प्रचार पर प्रभाव: दलों द्वारा प्रचार अभियानों में जाति एक निर्णायक कारक बनती है।</li>
	<li>मतदान व्यवहार: जाति चुनाव अभियानों और मतदाता व्यवहार को प्रभावित करती है।</li>
</ul>

जाति भारतीय राजनीति का एक अनिवार्य घटक बन गई है और इसका समाज पर सकारात्मक एवं नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ता है।

राजनीति पर जाति के सकारात्मक प्रभाव

<ol>
	<li>जातिगत एकता: जातिगत संगठन शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य और समाज सेवा के क्षेत्रों में योगदान दे रहे हैं।</li>
	<li>जाति समूह और गठबंधन: विभिन्न जातियाँ अपने अधिकारों की रक्षा के लिए एकजुट हो रही हैं।</li>
	<li>वंचितों को अधिकारिता: पिछड़ी जातियों को राजनीतिक सशक्तिकरण मिला है।</li>
	<li>सामाजिक न्याय की ओर बढ़ता कदम: जाति आधारित कानूनों ने वंचित समुदायों को सुरक्षा प्रदान की है।</li>
	<li>लोकतांत्रिक संस्कृति का विस्तार: जातिगत संघ लोकतंत्र के प्रसार में सहायक हो रहे हैं।</li>
	<li>दबाव समूहों की भूमिका: जातिगत संगठन नीतिगत मामलों में प्रभाव डाल रहे हैं।</li>
	<li>आर्थिक विकास में योगदान: जाति आधारित समूह आर्थिक समावेशन की दिशा में कार्य कर रहे हैं।</li>
	<li>राजनीतिक भागीदारी में वृद्धि: जातिगत राजनीति ने दलित, पिछड़े और आदिवासी समूहों को राजनीतिक मंच पर अधिक प्रतिनिधित्व दिलाया है।</li>
	<li>जातिगत आरक्षण प्रणाली: यह शिक्षा और सरकारी नौकरियों में सामाजिक असमानता को कम करने में मदद कर रही है।</li>
</ol>

राजनीति पर जाति के नकारात्मक प्रभाव

<ol>
	<li>जातिगत विभाजन: जाति आधारित राजनीति ने समाज को विभाजित किया है।</li>
	<li>सामाजिक और राजनीतिक तनाव: आरक्षण और जातिगत नीतियों के कारण असंतोष बढ़ा है।</li>
	<li>क्षेत्रीय राजनीतिक दलों की जातिगत लामबंदी: यह राष्ट्रीय एकता को कमजोर कर रही है।</li>
	<li>नीतियों पर जातिगत प्रभाव: सरकार की नीतियाँ जातिगत समीकरणों के आधार पर बनाई जाती हैं।</li>
	<li>लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों का ह्रास: जातिवाद लोकतंत्र की समानता और एकता की भावना के खिलाफ जाता है।</li>
	<li>विकास से ध्यान भटकना: जातिगत राजनीति मुख्य विकासात्मक मुद्दों को पीछे धकेल देती है।</li>
	<li>जातिगत हिंसा: जातीय संघर्षों के कारण सामाजिक अशांति बढ़ रही है।</li>
	<li>नकली जातिगत पहचान: कुछ लोग लाभ प्राप्त करने के लिए अपनी जातिगत पहचान को बदलने का प्रयास करते हैं।</li>
	<li>राजनीति में अवसरवाद: जातिगत राजनीति नेताओं को जातिगत आधार पर सत्ता प्राप्त करने का एक साधन बना रही है, जिससे विकास का मूल उद्देश्य पीछे छूट जाता है।</li>
</ol>

निष्कर्ष

भारत एक लोकतांत्रिक देश है, और जाति एक गहरी जड़ वाली सामाजिक संरचना है। जातिगत राजनीति लोकतंत्र के लिए एक चुनौती हो सकती है, क्योंकि यह सामाजिक एकता और समानता के आदर्शों के विपरीत जाती है। यदि लोग केवल जातिगत आधार पर मतदान करते हैं, तो यह एक पिछड़े समाज का संकेत है। जाति व्यवस्था का उन्मूलन ही एकमात्र उपाय है, जिससे लोकतंत्र अपने असली स्वरूप में आगे बढ़ सकेगा। जाति-आधारित राजनीति को संतुलित दृष्टिकोण से देखने की आवश्यकता है। सामाजिक न्याय और समानता को बनाए रखते हुए, जातिगत विभाजन को समाप्त करने के लिए नीतियों में सुधार आवश्यक है। भारत की राजनीति को जाति से परे ले जाने के लिए शिक्षा, जागरूकता और समावेशी विकास को बढ़ावा देना होगा। केवल तभी एक सशक्त और समरसतापूर्ण समाज का निर्माण संभव हो सकेगा।

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