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&quot;Eco-astronomy&quot;&nbsp;refers to the application of astronomical observations and technologies to monitor, study, and conserve Earth&#39;s environment. While traditionally, astronomy has focused on studying celestial bodies beyond Earth, recent advancements in observational techniques and technologies have enabled scientists to utilize space-based observations for Earth-centric purposes. Here are some ways in which eco-astronomy contributes to monitoring and conserving Earth&#39;s environment:

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Earth Observation Satellites</h3>

India now operates one of the biggest&nbsp;constellations of satellites for remote sensing.&nbsp;Numerous instruments have been installed atop these satellites to deliver the essential data in a range of geographical, spectral, and temporal resolutions to meet the needs of various national and international users. Numerous applications spanning agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, environment, forestry, ocean resources, and disaster management use the data from these satellites.

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Remote Sensing</h3>

Space-based telescopes and satellites equipped with advanced sensors can monitor Earth&#39;s surface, oceans, and atmosphere, providing valuable data for environmental studies. A variety of&nbsp;Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)&nbsp;Missions observing Earth with optical, microwave, and hyperspectral instruments flown onboard to provide necessary data in various spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage.

ISRO&nbsp;has had a thriving Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) program since 1988. Since the initial IRS optical mission,&nbsp;IRS-1A, and&nbsp;SAR&nbsp;imaging missions, more than 13 IRS satellites have provided satellite data products, with&nbsp;NRSC (National Remote Sensing Centre)&nbsp;serving as the nodal centre for hosting these products.

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">The main responsibility of satellites is to cover India and its environs either automatically or whenever the user requests it, depending on the mission&#39;s capabilities.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">In addition, NRSC collects and maintains global region data for studies, calibrations, and disasters. Global coverage of climate and weather models is provided by near real-time data items from IRS weather forecasters.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">The NRSC Data Archive is widely used in scientific research, weather applications, ocean studies, land use and land cover monitoring, and meteorological applications.</li>
</ul>

Governmental organisations, businesses, and academics all greatly benefit from the priceless large data products repository and technology to achieve their individual goals.

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Climate Monitoring</h3>

Observations from satellites contribute to monitoring climate change, including temperature variations, sea level rise, and changes in ice cover. In India, weather forecasting and monitoring rely on satellite data from&nbsp;INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR.

The&nbsp;INSAT Meteorological Data Processing (IMDPS)&nbsp;system processes data from these satellites to produce quantitative products and images across all channels. The largest domestic communication system in the Asia Pacific region is INSAT, which came into service in 1983. This mission&#39;s primary goals are to safeguard people and property by offering an operational, environmental, and storm warning system.

INSAT-3D observes the oceans, tracking the earth&#39;s surface, and offering data distribution services. It was designed to improve meteorological observations, monitor land and ocean surfaces, and create a vertical temperature and humidity profile of the atmosphere for weather forecasting and hazard alerts.

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Weather and Natural Disaster Prediction</h3>

Owing to its varied geo-climatic circumstances and its location as an intertropical convergence point, India experiences&nbsp;earthquakes,&nbsp;cyclones, tsunamis, floods, landslides, and droughts yearly. However, advancements in&nbsp;Earth Observation (EO)&nbsp;technology are currently fostering the growth of ever-more potent uses of geospatial technologies for disaster management, as well as innovative concepts.

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Meteorological satellite data is utilised for cyclone tracking, intensity assessment, landfall prediction, and extreme weather forecasting. After that, this data is put to use tracking disaster occurrences and calculating losses.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">The&nbsp;Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)&nbsp;is primarily in charge of advising&nbsp;ACWCs (Area Cyclone Warning Centres)&nbsp;on how to issue cyclone warnings.</li>
</ul>

More powerful natural disasters are a sign of climate change, and EO data is giving scientists crucial information that is assisting them in developing a thorough knowledge of the Earth from space. Additionally, when more sophisticated equipment and tools are created, new satellites with enhanced features and data-gathering capabilities are launched annually, enabling scientists to make better judgments and contribute to the survival of catastrophic disasters.

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Biodiversity Conservation</h3>

Satellite imagery assists in monitoring changes in ecosystems, deforestation, and land use, supporting conservation efforts.&nbsp;Mapping the distribution of animals, evaluating habitats, keeping an eye on human activity, and setting up early warning systems&nbsp;are all accomplished by satellite remote sensing.

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Planning for conservation, restoring habitat, and identifying possible risks to biodiversity are all aided by it. The thorough evaluation of human activity and habitats promotes sustainable land management techniques&mdash;technology for satellite remote sensing aids in preserving wildlife, particularly endangered species.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Experts can gain vital insights into breeding grounds, migration patterns, and the effects of climate change on different species by monitoring the movements of animals and changes in habitat from space.
	<ul>
		<li>Tracking animal migration patterns and monitoring habitats from space contribute to wildlife conservation.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

Scientists may map and assess a variety of ecosystems, such as&nbsp;wetlands, forests,&nbsp;coral reefs, and even the habitats of endangered species, by using satellite photography. This data is useful for evaluating ecosystem health, spotting possible risks, and creating practical conservation plans.

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Areas with particularly high levels of endemism and species richness are known as biodiversity hot spots, and satellite remote sensing helps to discover them. By properly allocating resources and prioritising conservation efforts, this knowledge helps to maximize the effects of protective measures.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">The use of satellite remote sensing technology has revolutionised conservation efforts. It facilitates informed decision-making and proactive conservation initiatives by offering insightful information on ecosystems, wildlife, forestry, agriculture, and water resources.</li>
</ul>

By utilising this potent technology, we can better protect our environment for coming generations.

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Impact Assessment of Climate Change</h3>

Satellite remote sensing offers important new perspectives on how biodiversity is affected by climate change. Scientists can predict future shifts in the distribution of species, identify the susceptibility of various ecosystems, and develop adaptation techniques by keeping an eye on changes in temperature, vegetation, and water availability.

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Satellites are essential for keeping an eye on forests and spotting illicit logging activity. Authorities can watch changes in the forest cover, identify regions that are experiencing deforestation, and take prompt action to stop more loss by analyzing satellite data.</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">By updating a projected area and adding a more current image to assess changes over time,&nbsp;Satellite Imaging Corporation (SIC)&nbsp;can offer satellite image datasets for vegetation and land cover use, monitoring change detection, and climate change.</li>
</ul>

As new satellite constellations are launched and&nbsp;Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Computer Vision (CV)&nbsp;algorithms and management systems become available, it will be possible to detect emissions from both natural and industrial sources to monitor climate change and observe and comprehend changes in our weather and surroundings.

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">Many application areas for vegetation and ecosystem dynamics connected to global climate change, such as&nbsp;CO2&nbsp;(carbon dioxide ), CH4&nbsp;(methane), and CO4&nbsp;(carbon tetroxide)&nbsp;detection, disaster monitoring, weather patterns, land surface climatology, hydrology, and land cover change, can benefit from satellite remote sensing.

	<ul>
		<li>Due to the rise in CO4, methane, and CO2&nbsp;released into our atmosphere, aeroplanes and&nbsp;unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)&nbsp;can forecast behaviour and deliver reports on climate change in almost real-time using imagery gathered by satellites.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;">With the use of cutting-edge technology, scientists can now forecast these shifts and produce models to track, regulate, and measure the number of greenhouse gases generated, which can help slow down the acceleration of weather patterns.</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Conclusion</h3>

Eco-astronomy exemplifies the interdisciplinary nature of scientific research, where tools and techniques developed for space exploration contribute to understanding and addressing environmental challenges on Earth. By leveraging space-based observations, researchers can obtain a more comprehensive perspective on the Earth&#39;s environment, enabling informed conservation and sustainable management practices.

Sources:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/EarthObservationSatellites.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.isro.gov.in/EarthObservationSatellites.html#</a></li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.nrsc.gov.in/EOP_irsdata_Objective_New?language_content_entity=en#:~:text=NRSC%20is%20the%20nodal%20centre,1A%20and%20SAR%20imaging%20missions" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.nrsc.gov.in/EOP_irsdata_Objective_New?language_content_entity=en#:~:text=NRSC%20is%20the%20nodal%20centre,1A%20and%20SAR%20imaging%20missions.</a></li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://mausam.imd.gov.in/responsive/servicesSatMet.php#:~:text=At%20present%2C%20there%20are%20two,6.50%2D7.10um)%20of%20resolution" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://mausam.imd.gov.in/responsive/servicesSatMet.php#:~:text=At%20present%2C%20there%20are%20two,6.50%2D7.10um)%20of%20resolution</a></li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.geospatialworld.net/prime/special-features/how-indian-states-use-earth-observation-data-for-disaster-mitigation-and-response/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.geospatialworld.net/prime/special-features/how-indian-states-use-earth-observation-data-for-disaster-mitigation-and-response/</a></li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.mosdac.gov.in/insat-3d" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.mosdac.gov.in/insat-3d</a></li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://utilitiesone.com/role-of-satellite-remote-sensing-in-biodiversity-conservation" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://utilitiesone.com/role-of-satellite-remote-sensing-in-biodiversity-conservation</a></li>
	<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.satimagingcorp.com/applications/environmental-impact-studies/global-warming/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.satimagingcorp.com/applications/environmental-impact-studies/global-warming/</a></li>
</ul>

&quot;इको-खगोल विज्ञान&quot; पृथ्वी के पर्यावरण की निगरानी, अध्ययन और संरक्षण के लिए खगोलीय अवलोकनों और प्रौद्योगिकियों के अनुप्रयोग को संदर्भित करता है। जबकि परंपरागत रूप से, खगोल विज्ञान ने पृथ्वी से परे खगोलीय पिंडों के अध्ययन पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया है, अवलोकन तकनीकों और प्रौद्योगिकियों में हाल की प्रगति ने वैज्ञानिकों को पृथ्वी-केंद्रित उद्देश्यों के लिए अंतरिक्ष-आधारित अवलोकनों का उपयोग करने में सक्षम बनाया है। यहां कुछ तरीके दिए गए हैं जिनसे पर्यावरण-खगोल विज्ञान पृथ्वी के पर्यावरण की निगरानी और संरक्षण में योगदान देता है:

पृथ्वी अवलोकन उपग्रह 
भारत अब रिमोट सेंसिंग के लिए उपग्रहों के सबसे बड़े समूहों में से एक का संचालन करता है। विभिन्न राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय उपयोगकर्ताओं की आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए भौगोलिक, वर्णक्रमीय और लौकिक रिज़ॉल्यूशन में आवश्यक डेटा प्रदान करने के लिए इन उपग्रहों के ऊपर कई उपकरण स्थापित किए गए हैं। कृषि, जल संसाधन, शहरी नियोजन, ग्रामीण विकास, पर्यावरण, वानिकी, समुद्री संसाधन और आपदा प्रबंधन से जुड़े कई अनुप्रयोग इन उपग्रहों के डेटा का उपयोग करते हैं।

रिमोट सेंसिंग 
उन्नत सेंसर से सुसज्जित अंतरिक्ष-आधारित दूरबीनें और उपग्रह पृथ्वी की सतह, महासागरों और वायुमंडल की निगरानी कर सकते हैं, जो पर्यावरण अध्ययन के लिए मूल्यवान डेटा प्रदान करते हैं। देश में और वैश्विक उपयोग के लिए विभिन्न उपयोगकर्ता आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए विभिन्न स्थानिक, वर्णक्रमीय और लौकिक रिज़ॉल्यूशन में आवश्यक डेटा प्रदान करने के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार के भारतीय रिमोट सेंसिंग (आईआरएस) मिशन ऑप्टिकल, माइक्रोवेव और हाइपरस्पेक्ट्रल उपकरणों के साथ पृथ्वी का अवलोकन कर रहे हैं।

इसरो के पास 1988 से एक समृद्ध भारतीय रिमोट सेंसिंग (आईआरएस) कार्यक्रम है। प्रारंभिक आईआरएस ऑप्टिकल मिशन, आईआरएस-1ए और एसएआर इमेजिंग मिशन के बाद से, 13 से अधिक आईआरएस उपग्रहों ने एनआरएससी (राष्ट्रीय रिमोट सेंसिंग सेंटर) के साथ उपग्रह डेटा उत्पाद प्रदान किए हैं। इन उत्पादों की मेजबानी के लिए नोडल केंद्र के रूप में कार्य करना।

उपग्रहों की मुख्य जिम्मेदारी मिशन की क्षमताओं के आधार पर स्वचालित रूप से या जब भी उपयोगकर्ता अनुरोध करता है, भारत और उसके परिवेश को कवर करना है। 
इसके अलावा, एनआरएससी अध्ययन, अंशांकन और आपदाओं के लिए वैश्विक क्षेत्र डेटा एकत्र और बनाए रखता है। जलवायु और मौसम मॉडल का वैश्विक कवरेज आईआरएस मौसम पूर्वानुमानकर्ताओं के वास्तविक समय के डेटा आइटम द्वारा प्रदान किया जाता है। 
एनआरएससी डेटा आर्काइव का व्यापक रूप से वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान, मौसम अनुप्रयोगों, महासागर अध्ययन, भूमि उपयोग और भूमि कवर निगरानी और मौसम संबंधी अनुप्रयोगों में उपयोग किया जाता है। 
सरकारी संगठन, व्यवसाय और शिक्षाविद सभी अपने व्यक्तिगत लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए अमूल्य बड़े डेटा उत्पाद भंडार और प्रौद्योगिकी से बहुत लाभान्वित होते हैं।

जलवायु निगरानी 
उपग्रहों के अवलोकन जलवायु परिवर्तन की निगरानी में योगदान करते हैं, जिसमें तापमान भिन्नता, समुद्र स्तर में वृद्धि और बर्फ के आवरण में परिवर्तन शामिल हैं। भारत में, मौसम की भविष्यवाणी और निगरानी INSAT-3D और INSAT-3DR के उपग्रह डेटा पर निर्भर करती है।

INSAT मौसम विज्ञान डेटा प्रोसेसिंग (IMDPS) प्रणाली सभी चैनलों पर मात्रात्मक उत्पाद और चित्र तैयार करने के लिए इन उपग्रहों से डेटा संसाधित करती है। एशिया प्रशांत क्षेत्र में सबसे बड़ी घरेलू संचार प्रणाली INSAT है, जो 1983 में सेवा में आई। इस मिशन का प्राथमिक लक्ष्य एक परिचालन, पर्यावरण और तूफान चेतावनी प्रणाली की पेशकश करके लोगों और संपत्ति की सुरक्षा करना है।

इन्सैट-3डी महासागरों का अवलोकन करता है, पृथ्वी की सतह पर नज़र रखता है और डेटा वितरण सेवाएं प्रदान करता है। इसे मौसम संबंधी टिप्पणियों में सुधार करने, भूमि और समुद्र की सतहों की निगरानी करने और मौसम की भविष्यवाणी और खतरे की चेतावनी के लिए वातावरण का ऊर्ध्वाधर तापमान और आर्द्रता प्रोफ़ाइल बनाने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया था।

मौसम और प्राकृतिक आपदा की भविष्यवाणी 
अपनी विविध भू-जलवायु परिस्थितियों और अंतर-उष्णकटिबंधीय अभिसरण बिंदु के रूप में इसके स्थान के कारण, भारत हर साल भूकंप, चक्रवात, सुनामी, बाढ़, भूस्खलन और सूखे का अनुभव करता है। हालाँकि, पृथ्वी अवलोकन (ईओ) प्रौद्योगिकी में प्रगति वर्तमान में आपदा प्रबंधन के लिए भू-स्थानिक प्रौद्योगिकियों के और अधिक शक्तिशाली उपयोग के साथ-साथ नवीन अवधारणाओं के विकास को बढ़ावा दे रही है।

मौसम संबंधी उपग्रह डेटा का उपयोग चक्रवात ट्रैकिंग, तीव्रता मूल्यांकन, भूस्खलन भविष्यवाणी और चरम मौसम पूर्वानुमान के लिए किया जाता है। उसके बाद, इस डेटा को आपदा घटनाओं पर नज़र रखने और नुकसान की गणना करने के लिए उपयोग में लाया जाता है। 
भारतीय मौसम विज्ञान विभाग (आईएमडी) मुख्य रूप से एसीडब्ल्यूसी (क्षेत्रीय चक्रवात चेतावनी केंद्र) को चक्रवात की चेतावनी जारी करने के बारे में सलाह देने का प्रभारी है। 
अधिक शक्तिशाली प्राकृतिक आपदाएँ जलवायु परिवर्तन का संकेत हैं, और ईओ डेटा वैज्ञानिकों को महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी दे रहा है जो उन्हें अंतरिक्ष से पृथ्वी के बारे में संपूर्ण ज्ञान विकसित करने में सहायता कर रहा है। इसके अतिरिक्त, जब अधिक परिष्कृत उपकरण और उपकरण बनाए जाते हैं, तो उन्नत सुविधाओं और डेटा-एकत्रित करने की क्षमताओं वाले नए उपग्रह हर साल लॉन्च किए जाते हैं, जिससे वैज्ञानिकों को बेहतर निर्णय लेने और विनाशकारी आपदाओं से बचने में योगदान करने में मदद मिलती है।

जैव विविधता संरक्षण 
सैटेलाइट इमेजरी संरक्षण प्रयासों का समर्थन करते हुए पारिस्थितिक तंत्र, वनों की कटाई और भूमि उपयोग में परिवर्तन की निगरानी में सहायता करती है। पशुओं के वितरण का मानचित्रण करना, मूल्यांकन करना

पृथ्वी के पर्यावरण की निगरानी और संरक्षण के लिए इको-खगोल विज्ञान

Eco-Astronomy for Monitoring and Conserving Earth's Environment

India and Canada Relations

&nbsp;परिचय

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;भारत-ऑस्ट्रेलिया द्विपक्षीय संबंध बहुलवादी, वेस्टमिंस्टर-शैली के लोकतंत्रों, राष्ट्रमंडल परंपराओं, आर्थिक जुड़ाव के विस्तार और उच्च स्तरीय बातचीत में वृद्धि के साझा मूल्यों पर आधारित है। लोगों के बीच लंबे समय से चले आ रहे संबंधों, उच्च शिक्षा के लिए ऑस्ट्रेलिया आने वाले भारतीय छात्रों की बढ़ती संख्या, बढ़ते पर्यटन और खेल संबंधों, विशेषकर क्रिकेट और हॉकी ने दोनों देशों के बीच द्विपक्षीय संबंधों को और मजबूत करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है।

उच्च शिक्षा के लिए ऑस्ट्रेलिया जाने वाले भारतीय छात्रों की लगातार बढ़ती संख्या और बढ़ते पर्यटन और खेल संबंधों ने द्विपक्षीय संबंधों को मजबूत करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय आतंकवाद जैसे मुद्दों पर विचारों में अधिक समानता और हिंद-प्रशांत क्षेत्र में नियम-आधारित व्यवस्था के लिए साझा प्रतिबद्धता के साथ, दोनों लोकतंत्रों ने क्वाड (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और जापान के साथ) सहित बहुपक्षीय प्रारूपों में अपना सहयोग बढ़ाया है। ).

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;सामरिक संबंध 
&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 
&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;सितंबर 2014 में, ऑस्ट्रेलिया के प्रधान मंत्री टोनी एबॉट ने भारत का दौरा किया, और उसी वर्ष नवंबर में, मोदी 1986 में राजीव गांधी के बाद ऑस्ट्रेलिया की आधिकारिक यात्रा करने वाले पहले भारतीय प्रधान मंत्री बने। वह संयुक्त बैठक को संबोधित करने वाले पहले भारतीय प्रधान मंत्री भी बने। ऑस्ट्रेलिया की संसद के.

जून 2020 में भारत-ऑस्ट्रेलिया नेताओं के आभासी शिखर सम्मेलन में, मोदी और प्रधान मंत्री स्कॉट मॉरिसन ने द्विपक्षीय संबंधों को 2009 में संपन्न रणनीतिक साझेदारी से व्यापक रणनीतिक साझेदारी (सीएसपी) तक बढ़ाया। विदेश मंत्री ने 18 फरवरी को ऑस्ट्रेलिया की यात्रा की, और उनके ऑस्ट्रेलियाई समकक्ष पेनी वोंग ने 28 फरवरी से 3 मार्च तक यात्रा की। ऑस्ट्रेलिया के शिक्षा मंत्री जेसन क्लेयर ने भी दौरा किया।

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;आर्थिक सहयोग

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;आर्थिक सहयोग व्यापार समझौता (ईसीटीए) - एक दशक में किसी विकसित देश के साथ भारत द्वारा हस्ताक्षरित पहला मुक्त व्यापार समझौता - दिसंबर 2022 में लागू हुआ, और इसके परिणामस्वरूप 96% भारतीय निर्यात पर तत्काल शुल्क घटाकर शून्य कर दिया गया। मूल्य में ऑस्ट्रेलिया (जो कि टैरिफ लाइनों का 98% है) और भारत को ऑस्ट्रेलिया के 85% निर्यात (मूल्य में) पर शून्य शुल्क है। 2021 में द्विपक्षीय व्यापार 27.5 बिलियन अमेरिकी डॉलर था; ईसीटीए के साथ, पांच वर्षों में इसके लगभग 50 बिलियन अमेरिकी डॉलर तक पहुंचने की संभावना है।

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;लोगों से लोगों के बीच संबंध

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;भारत ऑस्ट्रेलिया में कुशल अप्रवासियों के शीर्ष स्रोतों में से एक है। 2021 की जनगणना के अनुसार, ऑस्ट्रेलिया में लगभग 9.76 लाख लोगों ने अपने वंश को भारतीय मूल के रूप में बताया, जिससे वे ऑस्ट्रेलिया में विदेशों में जन्मे निवासियों का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा समूह बन गए। India@75 का जश्न मनाने के लिए, ऑस्ट्रेलियाई सरकार ने देश भर में 40 से अधिक इमारतों को रोशन किया, और प्रधान मंत्री अल्बानीज़ ने एक व्यक्तिगत वीडियो संदेश जारी किया।

India-Australia Bilateral Relationship

70th BPSC Prelims Economy Topics

Indian Soil

Indian Polity Important BPSC Mains PYQs

Agriculture challenges of Bihar

Poverty in Bihar

Potential of Tourism Industry in Bihar

70th BPSC GS Paper - 1&nbsp;, Sec. - II | Current Affairs

By : Md. Shakiluzzama (Bihar Specialist)

The tourism industry has been a major contributor to the economic development of the country. At the same time, the tourism industry has also contributed a lot in employment generation. The Indian state of Bihar is also known for its ancient heritage. Historically and culturally, Bihar is one of the important places where many ancient relics associated with a long old past can be seen even today. Nalanda University of Bihar is the world&#39;s first and oldest university. Bihar is the historical place where Lord Buddha attained enlightenment. The roots of Buddhism spread all over the world have started from Bihar. The glorious and ancient history of Bihar can be revived by developing tourism in Bihar.

Potential for the development of tourism industry in Bihar

Gaya: Amongst the most famous places in Bihar is Gaya, which is a Hindu pilgrimage hub and a transit point for Buddhist pilgrimage centre of Bodhgaya. It is believed that it was here under the tree that Buddha attained enlightenment. Gaya is a busy city situated on the bank of River Phalgu and it is replete with many temples and historic sites dating back to different eras that stand as the evidence to the successful rule of Maurya and Gupta dynasty here. The glory of Gaya was extended so much so that even Hiuen Tsang could not resist mentioning it in his travelogues.

Nalanda : Probably the oldest university in India, Nalanda is an important site to visit in Bihar. A perfect reminisce to the time of flourishing Gupta and Pala period, Nalanda is an acclaimed tourist attraction in Bihar. It is believed that the last and most famous Jain Tirthankara, Mahavira spent 14 monsoon seasons here. Even, Buddha is said to have delivered lectures near the mango grove in Nalanda. The fame of this education centre was to an extent that Hieun Tsang, the famous Chinese traveller visited here and stayed for atleast two years here. Even, I-tsing another famous Chinese voyager stayed at Nalanda for about 10 years, AND such was the glory of this place. Today most parts of Nalanda lie in ruins but the place is surely worth exploring!

<img alt="Post Feature Image" src="https://i.filecdn.in/567bihar/011-1706202806027.jpg" />

Munger: Dubbed as the seat of Bihar School of Yoga, Munger is yet another place that is popular amongst the tourists in Bihar. The history of Munger dates back to Aryans, who called Munger the &lsquo;Midland&rsquo; for their settlement. For yoga buffs, Munger is not an unknown name, thus we can expect a large foreign crowd thronging this place. The present day Munger is a twin city, which comprises of Munger and Jamalpur. Reckoned to be one of the oldest cities of Bihar, Munger was once the capital of Mir Kasim before it fell into the hands of British. The place has several historic relics that further add to the charm here.

Vaishali : Vaishali is an important archaeological site that was once the capital city of Licchavi rulers. Vaishali earned fame as a birthplace of last Jain Tirthankar Lord Mahavira. It is believed that Mahavira was born and brought up in 6th century BCE in Kundalagram of Republic of Vaishali. Another major event this place was a witness to was the last sermon of Buddha in 483 BCE. Vaishali was a prosperous kingdom during the time of Buddha, it is also known for its beautiful courtesan Amrapali. So, you see, one has enough to recall in Vaishali and adding to its historic charm is the well-preserved Ashokan Pillar. This ancient city finds mention in the travel accounts of eminent Chinese travellers like Fa-hien and Hieun Tsang.

Patna : Situated on the southern bank of Ganga, Patna is the largest city of Bihar. Better known as Patliputra in ancient India, the city is also believed to be the one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Patna is a pilgrimage for Sikh devotees as it is reckoned to be the birthplace of last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. The city flourished in the period of Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta and Pala earned fame all across India. Today&rsquo;s Patna is a developing city, which is endeavouring to match up to the modernization; malls, high-end hotels and theatres have cropped in the city. However, Patna has to speed up a bit to become the part of other cosmopolitans. Altogether, Patna is a decent destination, with most of the modern facilities available.

Navlakha Palace, Rajnagar: Lying in ruins, Navlakha Palace is situated in Rajnagar near Madhubani in Bihar. This palace was built by Maharaja Rameshwar Singh and said to have suffered extensive destruction during an earthquake in 1934. No renovation was done after the destruction, thus this palace remains in ruins now. It is a royal palace and even though it has been damaged so much, one can still marvel at its architectural brilliance. The palace complex comprised of gardens, pond and temples.

Pawapuri: An important Jain pilgrimage, Jalmandir is situated in Pawapuri, Bihar. Jalmandir has been revered highly by Jain devotees as it is believed that it is the place where Lord Mahavira breathed his last in 500 BCE. It is reckoned to be the cremation ground for this last Tirthankara of Jain sect. The legend has it that, the demand of Lord Mahavira&rsquo;s ashes was so high that a large amount of soil had to be eroded from around the funeral pyre that a pond was created here. A white marble temple was constructed and it has remained an important Jain pilgrimage in Bihar.

Rajgir: Better known as the World Peace Pagoda, Vishwa Shanti Stupa proudly stand at the historic city of Rajgir. It is one of the 7 Peace Pagodas built in India and is certainly a must visit in Bihar. The pagoda was built in 1969 to spread the message of peace and non-violence. Marked by four statues of Buddha that reflects four important phases of Buddha&rsquo;s life &ndash; birth, enlightenment, teaching and death, this Peace Pagoda is amongst the finest examples of Japanese architecture in India.

&nbsp;

Potential of Tourism Industry in Bihar

India nominates &lsquo;Maratha Military Landscapes&rsquo;for 2024-25 UNESCO World Heritage List

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Culture announced that India is nominating the &#39;Maratha Military Landscape&#39; for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List for the 2024-25 cycle, with a total of 12 components included in this nomination. Suvarnadurg Fort is a part of the historic &#39;Maratha Military Landscape&#39;.

Details: 

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">The Maratha Military Landscapes of India, which were built from the 17th to the 19th centuries, are a vivid embodiment of an original system of fortifications and military operations that were derived by the Maratha governors.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">This nomination includes twelve discrete entities, the renowned Hill Forts like Salher, Sivneri Lohagad. Rajgadd, Ginhee forts formulated.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">Also, it encompasses Hill-forest fort of Pratapgad hill fort of Panhala Coastal forts at Vijaydurg and Khanderi islets as Suvarnadurg,.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">These elements spread from various geographical and physiographic regions, together making a statement of the dexterity that Maratha rulers possessed as military men.</li>
</ul>

Military Landscapes of the Marathas:

In this regard, the military Maratha is a landscape that was set up during the rule of Chhatrapati Shivaji around 1670 CE, and remained dominant in this whole region until 1818. With this military terrain in its background, there were several strategic utilization of the landscape by the Maratha army resulting in its development using some innovative guerrilla warfare methods. The first two successfully worked and were crucial in combating the daunting powers of the Mughal Empire on land and the European coastal navies at sea.

In the history of India&rsquo;s military acts, there is something positional for Maratha Empire&rsquo;s strategy and its approach to warfare can be considered as an instructive one which in principle deserves the attention by demonstration all over because it is unique and extraordinary. This recognition has resulted in the nomination of the Maratha military landscape for listing under UNESCO&rsquo;s prestigious list of World Heritage sites.

The nomination process involves two categories &ndash; Cultural and Natural criteria &ndash; which highlight the historical and strategic significance of the Maratha military landscape. The Maratha Military Landscapes in India are classified under the cultural criteria category for potential inclusion in the World Heritage List. &nbsp;In order to be considered for this prestigious list, cultural sites must meet six criteria (i to vi), while natural sites must fulfil four criteria (vii to x). The Maratha Military Landscapes of India have been put forward for nomination based on three distinct cultural criteria. 

<ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman">
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">The first criterion emphasises their ability to provide a remarkable and unparalleled testament to a cultural tradition or civilization, whether that culture is still thriving or has become extinct. </li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">The second criterion highlights their status as an exceptional representation of a particular kind of structure, architectural or technological ensemble, or landscape that showcases important milestones in human history. </li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">Lastly, the third criterion recognizes their direct or tangible connection to events, living traditions, ideas, beliefs, or artistic and literary works that hold exceptional universal significance.</li>
</ol>

About United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):

UNESCO is a specialized agency of the United Nations that was established in 1945 and is headquartered in Paris. &nbsp;Its main goal is to promote peace and security through international collaboration in the areas of education, science, and culture. &nbsp;It has 194 member states and India is one of its founding members. India&rsquo;s several sites that have been recognized by UNESCO. India has a total of 42 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, with 34 being Cultural sites, 7 being Natural sites, and 2 being mixed sites. Recently, Shantiniketan and the temples of Belur, Halebid, and Somananthpura were added to the World Heritage list, bringing India&rsquo;s total to 42.

India nominates ‘Maratha Military Landscapes’ for 2024-25 UNESCO World Heritage List

Positive and Negative impact of Caste Census in Bihar

The caste system is arguably the most distinctive feature of Indian society. The Indian population is divided into four hierarchical classes, or varnas, with a large sub-population of untouchables excluded entirely from the system. Within each of these classes, and among the untouchables, are thousands of castes, or jatis. The central rule in Hindu society is that individuals must marry within their own caste. Recent genetic evidence indicates that this rule has been followed for over 2,000 years. Spatial segregation on caste lines within the village results in a high degree of local social connectedness, with caste clusters in distant villages and select urban locations linked to each other through ties of marriage over many generations.

Positive Impact

Caste census can help to identify and address the needs of marginalized and disadvantaged castes. For example, the data from caste census can be used to design policies and programs to improve the access of these castes to education, employment, and healthcare. Caste census can also help to monitor the progress of affirmative action programs and identify any gaps or loopholes. For example, the data from caste census can be used to ensure that the reserved seats in educational institutions and government jobs are being filled by the eligible candidates. Caste census can also provide a comprehensive picture of Bihari society, including its caste dynamics. This data can be used by researchers, policymakers, and civil society organizations to better understand the challenges faced by marginalized and disadvantaged castes and to develop effective interventions to address these challenges.

Negative Impact

Caste census can be divisive, as it could lead to increased social tensions and conflict. For example, the data from caste census could be used by political parties to mobilize voters along caste lines. Caste census can also be counterproductive, as it could reinforce caste identities and hierarchies. For example, the data from caste census could be used by caste groups to assert their dominance over other caste groups. Caste census can also be impractical, as it would be difficult and expensive to conduct a caste census accurately. For example, many people may be reluctant to disclose their caste, especially if they belong to a marginalized or disadvantaged caste.

The way ahead on the issue of caste census is to have a balanced and nuanced approach. It is important to weigh the pros and cons of caste census carefully and to take steps to mitigate the potential negative impacts. One way to do this is to conduct a caste census in a transparent and inclusive manner. All stakeholders, including caste groups, civil society organizations, and academic experts, should be consulted in the design and implementation of the census. Another way to mitigate the negative impacts of caste census is to ensure that the data is used for the right purposes. The data should be used to design and implement policies and programs to promote social justice and equality, and to monitor the progress of affirmative action programs. The data should not be used to mobilize voters along caste lines or to reinforce caste identities and hierarchies.

बिहार में जाति जनगणना का सकारात्मक और नकारात्मक प्रभाव

Positive and Negative impact of Caste Census in Bihar

E-Governance&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

Electronic governance or e-governance is adopted by countries across the world. In a fast-growing and demanding economy like India, e-governance has become essential.&nbsp; The rapid growth of digitalisation has led to many governments across the globe to introduce and incorporate technology into governmental processes. Electronic governance or e-governance can be defined as the usage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) by the government to provide and facilitate government services, exchange of information, communication transactions and integration of various standalone systems and services. 

In other words, it is the use of technology to perform government activities and achieve the objectives of governance.&nbsp; Through e-governance, government services are made available to citizens and businesses in a convenient, efficient and transparent manner. Examples of e-governance include Digital India initiative, National Portal of India, Prime Minister of India portal, Aadhaar, filing and payment of taxes online, digital land management systems, Common Entrance Test etc.&nbsp; 

Types of interactions in e-Governance

e-Governance can take place in four major types of interactions, apart from the processes and interactions in the back-office, within the government framework:

Government to Government (G2G) 

Information is exchanged within the government i.e., either, between the central government, state government and local governments or between different branches of the same government. 

Government to Citizen (G2C) 

The citizens have a platform through which they can interact with the government and get access to the variety of public services offered by the Government.

Government to Businesses (G2B) 

The businesses are able to interact with the government seamlessly with respect to the services of the government offered to businesses

Government to Employees (G2E) 

The interaction between the government and its employees occurs in an efficient and speedy manner.

Objectives of e-Governance

The objectives of e-governance can be listed down as given below:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">To support and simplify governance for government, citizens, and businesses. </li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">To make government administration more transparent and accountable while addressing the society&rsquo;s needs and expectations through efficient public services and effective interaction between the people, businesses, and government. </li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">To reduce corruption in the government. </li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">To ensure speedy administration of services and information. </li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">To reduce difficulties for business, provide immediate information and enable digital communication by e-business. </li>
</ul>

While e-governance provides the advantages of convenience, efficiency and transparency, it also has problems associated with it. They are as follows: 

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">Lack of computer literacy: India is still a developing country and a vast majority of the citizens lack computer literacy which hinders the effectiveness of e-governance.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">Lack of accessibility to the internet or even computers in some parts of the country is a disadvantage to e-governance.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">e-Governance results in a loss of human interaction. As the system becomes more mechanised, lesser interaction takes place among people. </li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px">It gives rise to the risk of personal data theft and leakage. </li>
</ul>

e-Governance leads to a lax administration. The service provider can easily provide excuses for not providing the service on technical grounds such as &ldquo;server is down&rdquo; or &ldquo;internet is not working&rdquo;, etc.

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