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BHARAT KA BUDGET2026-27, BHARAT BUDGETNEW, 

केंद्रीय बजट 2026-27: विस्तृत मुख्य बिंदु

विकसित भारत @2047

Viksit Bharat@2047

Introduction

When we speak of the ancient civilizations of the Indian subcontinent, the names that most often dominate mainstream narratives are the Indus Valley (Harappan), the Ganges Valley, and the Vedic civilization. However, nestled deep in the heart of South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, lies the evidence of a highly advanced and ancient civilization &mdash; known today as the Keeladi Civilization. This discovery not only reshapes the historical landscape of Indian archaeology but also sheds light on the continuity and cultural richness of Dravidian heritage.

Where is Keeladi Located?

Keeladi is a small village in the Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu, situated about 12 kilometers from the city of Madurai. It lies on the banks of the Vaigai River &mdash; a lifeline of this ancient civilization.

Beginning and Progress of Excavation

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">The first excavation at Keeladi was undertaken by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 2015.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Encouraged by the initial findings, the Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology expanded the excavations significantly from 2017 onwards.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">As of 2024, excavations have been conducted in 9 phases.</li>
</ul>

These excavations have revealed astonishing facts &mdash; suggesting that as early as 2600 years ago, a sophisticated urban civilization flourished in southern India.

Major Findings from Keeladi

1. Architecture and Construction

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Remains of houses made of bricks have been found, indicating the presence of well-constructed, permanent settlements.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Discoveries include drainage systems, wells, and paved roads &mdash; hallmarks of urban planning.</li>
</ul>

2. Pottery

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Finely crafted red and black pottery with elegant designs.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Some pottery pieces bear inscriptions in Tamil-Brahmi script &mdash; indicating literacy.</li>
</ul>

3. Lifestyle and Crafts

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Household items such as combs, needles, beads, and terracotta toys were found.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Iron tools such as sickles, knives, and cutting instruments &mdash; suggesting agricultural and construction use.</li>
</ul>

4. Evidence of Trade

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Terracotta seals and coins hint at Keeladi&rsquo;s importance as a trade and economic center.</li>
</ul>

5. Script and Literacy

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">The most significant discovery &mdash; inscriptions in Tamil-Brahmi script.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">These findings prove the existence of a literate society with established traditions of reading and writing.</li>
</ul>

Dating the Civilization

Using radiocarbon dating and scientific methods, it has been determined that:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">The Keeladi Civilization flourished around 600 BCE, predating the Sangam Era.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">This indicates the continuity of civilization in South India even after the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization.</li>
</ul>

Historical Significance of Keeladi

1. Confirmation of Dravidian Culture

The findings from Keeladi confirm that Dravidian-speaking people, particularly the Tamil community, maintained an independent and urban civilization in South India &mdash; challenging the notion that ancient Indian culture was primarily limited to the north.

2. Sangam Literature Gets Physical Evidence

The society, cities, and culture described in Sangam literature are no longer just poetic imagination &mdash; Keeladi provides archaeological proof of that era&rsquo;s existence.

3. Development of Script

The presence of Tamil-Brahmi script as early as the 6th century BCE affirms that written communication and literacy were well-established in southern India at the time.

Preservation and Museum

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">In 2023, the Tamil Nadu Government inaugurated a large museum at the Keeladi excavation site.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">The site is being developed into a major tourist attraction.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">National and international recognition of Keeladi is steadily growing.</li>
</ul>

Quick Facts (Useful for Prelims/MCQs)

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Keeladi is located in Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">It is situated on the banks of the Vaigai River.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions have been discovered here.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">The civilization is dated to around 600 BCE.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">It is often referred to as &ldquo;The Harappa of South India.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>

Conclusion

Keeladi is not just an excavation &mdash; it is a revolution in historical understanding. 
It proves that South Indian culture, urbanization, and literacy are just as ancient and rich as that of North India. The Dravidian civilization is not a myth, but a living, breathing history supported by material evidence. For today&rsquo;s generation, it is essential to know, understand, and take pride in this glorious legacy.

केलाड़ी सभ्यता (Keeladi Civilization) – तमिल सभ्यता की खोई हुई गौरवगाथा

Keeladi Civilization – The lost glory of Tamil civilization

In the history of India&rsquo;s freedom movement, some revolutionaries not only sacrificed their lives but also wielded their pens like swords. Their spoken words and written lines became eternal symbols of patriotism&mdash;echoes that still stir hearts today. One such towering figure was Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil.

<img alt="" src="https://i.filecdn.in/567bihar/image-1749385352399.png" />

Born on 11 June 1897 in Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to Murlidhar and Moolmati, Bismil came from a modest family background. It is said that his ancestral village was Murainwan (Barwai) near Mainpuri. Upon examining his birth chart and the rare markings on all ten fingers, an astrologer had once predicted, &ldquo;If this boy survives&mdash;though the chances are slim&mdash;nothing can stop him from becoming a great emperor.&rdquo;

His mother, a devout woman, named him Ram Prasad hoping he would grow up to be like Lord Ram.

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Early Influences and Awakening</h3>

Bismil received his early education at home. In class 9, he came into contact with the Arya Samaj, and the teachings of Swami Dayanand Saraswati deeply influenced him. Even as a teenager, he was moved by the brutal policies of the British Raj against Indians. This exposure to injustice sparked a lifelong commitment to revolution.

He adopted the pen name &ldquo;Bismil&rdquo;, which means &ldquo;wounded at heart.&rdquo; The name itself was a reflection of his deep emotional and spiritual pain for the suffering of his country.

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Writer, Revolutionary, Visionary</h3>

Bismil wasn&rsquo;t just a fighter with arms&mdash;he was also a warrior of ideas. He, along with revolutionaries like Sachindranath Sanyal and Jadugopal Mukherjee, founded the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), an organization aimed at overthrowing British rule.

To support the movement, Bismil borrowed money from his patriotic mother and published books such as:

<ul>
	<li style="margin-left: 8px; text-align: justify;">&ldquo;Deshwasiyon ke Naam&rdquo; (To the Countrymen)</li>
	<li style="margin-left: 8px; text-align: justify;">&ldquo;Swadeshi Rang&rdquo; (The Colors of Patriotism)</li>
	<li style="margin-left: 8px; text-align: justify;">&ldquo;Man Ki Lahar&rdquo; (Waves of the Mind)</li>
	<li style="margin-left: 8px; text-align: justify;">&ldquo;Swadhinta Ki Devi&rdquo; (The Goddess of Freedom)</li>
</ul>

The proceeds from these books were used to purchase weapons for the HRA. Bismil wrote under pseudonyms like Bismil, Ram, and Agyat (Anonymous).

He was instrumental in recruiting young revolutionaries like Chandrashekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh into the movement, which later became known as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">The Kakori Conspiracy: A Bold Strike</h3>

Bismil&rsquo;s most famous act was the Kakori Conspiracy of 1925, in which he and his associates&mdash;most notably Ashfaqulla Khan&mdash;planned and executed a daring train robbery to loot British government treasury.

Their aim was not personal gain but to fund the revolutionary struggle and acquire weapons. The incident shook the British Empire. Within two months, over 30 revolutionaries were arrested. After a controversial trial, Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Nath Lahiri, and Roshan Singh were sentenced to death.

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">The Writer Behind Bars</h3>

While in Lucknow Central Jail, Bismil penned his autobiography, which was later published in 1928 by renowned journalist Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi. This work is considered a monumental piece of revolutionary literature in India.

During his incarceration, Bismil also composed the iconic patriotic song:

&ldquo;Mera Rang De Basanti Chola&rdquo; 
(&ldquo;O Mother, dye my robes in the color of spring/blood&rdquo;)

This song became a timeless anthem of sacrifice and valor.

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Final Words Before Martyrdom</h3>

On 19 December 1927, Bismil was hanged in Gorakhpur Jail. When asked about his final wish, he said only:

&ldquo;The complete destruction of British rule.&rdquo;

He walked to the gallows with unmatched dignity, leaving behind a legacy of courage, conviction, and creative power.

<h3 style="text-align: justify;">A Tribute to the Eternal Patriot</h3>

&ldquo;Sarfaroshi ki tamanna ab hamaare dil mein hai, 
Dekhna hai zor kitna baazu-e-qatil mein hai&hellip;&rdquo; 
(&ldquo;The desire for revolution is in our hearts now; let us see how much strength the tyrant&#39;s arms hold&hellip;&rdquo;)

Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil lives on&mdash;not only in history books but in the very spirit of India&rsquo;s independence. His pen inspired millions. His courage shook an empire. And his sacrifice continues to remind us of the price of freedom.

&nbsp;

सरफ़रोशी की मिसाल: पं. रामप्रसाद बिस्मिल

Ram Prasad Bismil: The Pen and the Pistol of India’s Freedom Struggle

बिहार राज्य पुल प्रबंधन एवं मेंटेनेंस नीति 2025 – एक समग्र दृष्टिकोण

Bridge Management and Maintenance Policy 2025

&nbsp;

<img alt="" src="https://i.filecdn.in/567bihar/image-1749104353034.png" />

4 June 2025

During the 2025 Nor-Shipping event held in Norway, India and Norway held significant bilateral discussions centered around maritime cooperation. The Indian delegation was led by Union Minister for Ports, Shipping, and Waterways, Sarbananda Sonowal. These talks marked a new direction in the two countries&rsquo; partnership, focusing on green maritime technologies, sustainable development, and the Blue Economy.

Focus on Green Maritime Technologies

Both nations agreed to enhance cooperation in areas such as:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Green shipbuilding</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Electric ferries</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Smart logistics</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Clean coastal transportation</li>
</ul>

This move is seen as a major step toward making maritime transport carbon-neutral in light of the ongoing climate change challenges.

Joint Feasibility Study on the Northern Sea Route (NSR)

India proposed a joint feasibility study with Norway on operating the Northern Sea Route (NSR), which connects Europe and Asia via the Arctic Ocean. 
Benefits of this route include:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Reduced fuel consumption</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Shorter travel time</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">New global trade opportunities</li>
</ul>

Arctic Navigation and Icy Waters Collaboration

The dialogue also focused on:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Arctic navigation</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Shipbuilding suited for icy waters</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Deployment of green ships in the Arctic region</li>
</ul>

Both India and Norway are members of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and can collaborate on maritime safety and innovation.

Ship Recycling and Alang&rsquo;s Global Role

Norway recognized the Alang Ship Recycling Yard in Gujarat, India, as a potential global hub for ship recycling. 
The countries also agreed to deepen cooperation in:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Sustainable fisheries</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Ocean-based renewable energy (e.g., wind and tidal energy)</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Sustainable use of marine resources</li>
</ul>

&#39;Sagar mein Samman&#39; and Gender Equality in Maritime Sector

India highlighted its &lsquo;Sagar mein Samman&rsquo; initiative aimed at promoting gender equality in the maritime domain. 
The initiative includes:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Special training programs for women</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Job opportunities and leadership development 
	India invited Norway to participate in joint projects under this initiative.</li>
</ul>

Marine Renewable Energy: Ocean Wind and Tidal Power

India extended an invitation to Norway to engage in joint research and development projects in:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Ocean wind energy</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Tidal energy</li>
</ul>

Norway&rsquo;s technological expertise and India&rsquo;s resource potential could position the partnership as a global leader in marine renewables.

Shared Goal: Strengthening the Blue Economy

Minister Sonowal described the partnership as a historic opportunity to strengthen the global Blue Economy. 
He emphasized that this collaboration would benefit both countries and contribute to:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Sustainable maritime development</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Inclusive global growth</li>
</ul>

Conclusion

This dialogue between India and Norway marks the beginning of a strategic maritime partnership. 
With Norway&rsquo;s advanced maritime technology and India&rsquo;s extensive coastline and human capital, this cooperation holds great promise in:

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Advancing green maritime technologies</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Promoting renewable ocean energy</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Enhancing gender inclusivity</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">Achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</li>
</ul>

This engagement is poised to become a milestone in sustainable maritime cooperation and the global transition toward a cleaner, more equitable marine economy.

&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<img alt="" src="https://i.filecdn.in/567bihar/image-20250605114158-1-1749103934339.png" />

&nbsp;

4 June 2025

2025 में आयोजित &lsquo;नॉर-शिपिंग&rsquo; (Nor-Shipping) कार्यक्रम के दौरान भारत और नॉर्वे के बीच समुद्री क्षेत्र में द्विपक्षीय सहयोग को लेकर महत्वपूर्ण वार्ता हुई। इस बैठक की अगुवाई भारत की ओर से केंद्रीय पोत परिवहन मंत्री सर्बानंद सोनोवाल ने की। इस द्विपक्षीय बातचीत ने दोनों देशों के बीच हरित समुद्री तकनीकों, सतत विकास, और ब्लू इकोनॉमी के क्षेत्र में सहयोग को नई दिशा दी।

मुख्य बिंदु: हरित समुद्री तकनीकों पर जोर

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">दोनों पक्षों ने हरित जहाज निर्माण (Green Shipbuilding), इलेक्ट्रिक फेरी, स्मार्ट लॉजिस्टिक्स, और स्वच्छ तटीय परिवहन (clean coastal transport) पर सहयोग बढ़ाने की बात कही।</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">यह कदम वैश्विक जलवायु परिवर्तन के परिप्रेक्ष्य में समुद्री परिवहन को कार्बन न्यूट्रल बनाने की दिशा में एक बड़ी पहल है।</li>
</ul>

Northern Sea Route (NSR) पर संयुक्त व्यवहार्यता अध्ययन

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">भारत ने प्रस्ताव दिया कि दोनों देश नॉर्दर्न सी रूट (Northern Sea Route &ndash; NSR) के संचालन हेतु संयुक्त व्यवहार्यता अध्ययन करें।</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">यह रूट, जो आर्कटिक महासागर के ज़रिए यूरोप और एशिया को जोड़ता है, ईंधन की बचत, कम यात्रा समय, और वैश्विक व्यापार में नए अवसरों को जन्म दे सकता है।</li>
</ul>

आर्कटिक नेविगेशन और बर्फीले जल में सहयोग

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">चर्चा में आर्कटिक नेविगेशन, बर्फीले पानी में जहाज निर्माण, और आर्टिक में हरित तकनीक वाले जहाजों के संचालन पर विशेष बल दिया गया।</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">भारत और नॉर्वे दोनों ही International Maritime Organization (IMO) के सदस्य हैं और समुद्री सुरक्षा व नवाचार को लेकर साझेदारी कर सकते हैं।</li>
</ul>

जहाज पुनर्चक्रण और अलंग का महत्व

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">नॉर्वे ने भारत के गुजरात स्थित अलंग शिप रीसाइक्लिंग यार्ड को जहाज पुनर्चक्रण के क्षेत्र में वैश्विक केंद्र के रूप में देखा है।</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">सतत मछलीपालन, महासागरीय अक्षय ऊर्जा (जैसे &ndash; पवन और ज्वारीय ऊर्जा), और समुद्री संसाधनों के टिकाऊ उपयोग में भी दोनों देशों ने सहयोग बढ़ाने की सहमति दी।</li>
</ul>

&lsquo;सागर में सम्मान&rsquo; और लैंगिक समानता

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">भारत ने अपनी पहल &lsquo;सागर में सम्मान&rsquo; के तहत समुद्री क्षेत्र में लैंगिक समानता बढ़ाने के प्रयासों की जानकारी साझा की।</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">इसमें महिलाओं के लिए विशेष प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रम, नौकरी के अवसर, और नेतृत्व विकास पर बल दिया गया।</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">भारत ने नॉर्वे को इन परियोजनाओं में भाग लेने का आमंत्रण भी दिया।</li>
</ul>

समुद्री नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा: महासागरीय पवन व ज्वारीय ऊर्जा

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">भारत ने नॉर्वे को महासागरीय पवन (Ocean Wind) और ज्वारीय ऊर्जा (Tidal Energy) में संयुक्त अनुसंधान व विकास परियोजनाओं के लिए आमंत्रित किया।</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">नॉर्वे की तकनीकी विशेषज्ञता और भारत की संसाधन क्षमता इस क्षेत्र में वैश्विक नेतृत्व प्रदान कर सकती है।</li>
</ul>

ब्लू इकोनॉमी को सशक्त बनाने की दिशा में साझा लक्ष्य

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">मंत्री सर्बानंद सोनोवाल ने इस साझेदारी को ब्लू इकोनॉमी (Blue Economy) को सशक्त बनाने के लिहाज़ से ऐतिहासिक अवसर बताया।</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">उन्होंने कहा कि यह साझेदारी न केवल दोनों देशों को लाभ पहुंचाएगी, बल्कि वैश्विक समुद्री क्षेत्र को सतत और समावेशी विकास की ओर अग्रसर करेगी।</li>
</ul>

निष्कर्ष

भारत-नॉर्वे के बीच यह संवाद एक रणनीतिक समुद्री साझेदारी की ओर संकेत करता है। जहां एक ओर नॉर्वे की उच्च तकनीकी विशेषज्ञता है, वहीं भारत के पास विशाल समुद्री तटरेखा और विशाल मानव संसाधन क्षमता है। दोनों देशों के बीच यह सहयोग हरित प्रौद्योगिकी, अक्षय ऊर्जा, लैंगिक समानता, और सतत विकास लक्ष्यों की पूर्ति में मील का पत्थर सिद्ध हो सकता है।

भारत और नॉर्वे ने नॉर-शिपिंग 2025 में हरित समुद्री तकनीक, नॉर्दर्न सी रूट, जहाज पुनर्चक्रण और महासागरीय ऊर्जा पर रणनीतिक सहयोग को मजबूत किया।

भारत-नॉर्वे समुद्री सहयोग: हरित प्रौद्योगिकी पर केंद्रित द्विपक्षीय वार्ता

India-Norway Maritime Cooperation: Dialogue Focused on Green Technology

The state government is committed to inclusive development with justice, ensuring that all people, regions, and communities are included in the process. 
The development strategy in Bihar is inclusive, equitable, and sustainable, and is centered around economic progress. To elevate Bihar to the ranks of the developed states in India, the program of good governance is being implemented across the state. Under good governance, the government has focused on providing basic amenities like drinking water, toilets, and electricity to all citizens, along with expanding core infrastructure such as roads, drains, and bridges. Additionally, special emphasis is being placed on making women and youth self-reliant by providing access to higher vocational and technical education.

Incorporating all these elements, the government formulated Saat Nischay (Seven Resolves) Part-1 (2015&ndash;2020) and Saat Nischay Part-2 (2020&ndash;2025) as part of the good governance program. These schemes have been given a universal character so that people from all regions, communities, and classes benefit without any discrimination.

The government&rsquo;s highest priority is to strengthen law and order, establish the rule of law, and ensure a fear-free society. 
Strict action has been taken against organized crime, and a robust system of crime control has been implemented in accordance with legal provisions. To strengthen the police system, modern technologies and advanced training are being adopted to ensure efficient discharge of duties. As a result of the government&#39;s firm commitment, Bihar has maintained an environment of social harmony and communal peace.

According to the latest data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) for 2024, the rate of cognizable crimes in Bihar is 150.2 per lakh population, significantly lower than the national average of 230.8. Based on crime rate, Bihar ranks 24th among states and union territories. Most of the crimes registered in 2024 were solved, and many accused have been legally prosecuted and convicted.

To meet the national standard for police personnel, appointments were made in 2024 for 150 Deputy Superintendents of Police, 300 Sub-Inspectors, and 12,000 Constables. To separate law and order from investigation at the police station level, 6,000 Sub-Inspector and 3,000 Assistant Sub-Inspector posts were created. These steps have enhanced transparency and efficiency in police functioning.

The government follows a policy of zero tolerance against corruption. 
In 2024, the Vigilance Investigation Bureau registered 73 cases, including 65 bribery, 3 disproportionate assets, and 5 misuse of office cases. In 7 cases, movable and immovable properties of public servants were confiscated. The Economic Offences Unit registered 50 disproportionate assets cases, of which charge sheets were filed in 35. Under the Bihar Special Courts Act, property confiscation proceedings are ongoing in 30 cases. Under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), proposals for property confiscation exceeding ₹300 crore in 150 cases were sent to the Enforcement Directorate.

Along with strengthening administrative and financial structures, the focus has been on empowering citizens by providing them with legal rights. Under the Bihar Public Grievance Redressal Rights Act, 2015, citizens are entitled to a hearing and time-bound redressal of grievances. By 2025, over 6 lakh grievances have been resolved, enhancing public trust. This Act received the SKOCH Award for Good Governance and the Certificate of Distinction in the Citizen-Focused Innovation category from the Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management in 2024. Policies and schemes are being improved based on feedback received through public dialogue.

For infrastructure development and welfare schemes, the 2024&ndash;25 state budget is ₹2.12 lakh crore, which is 20% higher than the previous year. Tax revenue collection was ₹35,000 crore in 2023&ndash;24 and is estimated to be ₹42,000 crore in 2024&ndash;25. Revenue surplus is estimated at ₹25,000 crore, and the fiscal deficit is ₹13,000 crore (2.5% of state GDP), which is within the 3% limit set by the Bihar Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act.

According to the Central Statistics Office, Bihar&#39;s economic growth rate in 2023&ndash;24 was 10.8%, which is higher than the national average of 7.5%, placing Bihar among the top-performing states in the country. The Integrated Financial Management System, implemented in April 2019, has become fully digital by 2025, enhancing transparency and efficiency in financial and treasury operations.

To empower women, 50% reservation has been implemented in Panchayati Raj and urban local bodies, and 35% reservation has been provided in police recruitment as well as all government jobs. Under the Jeevika program, 10 lakh self-help groups have been formed by 2025, connecting 1.2 crore families. Under the Mukhyamantri Kanya Utthan Yojana, ₹2,000 is given at the birth of a girl, ₹1,000 for Aadhaar registration, and ₹2,000 upon vaccination. Girls passing Class 12 receive ₹15,000, and those graduating receive ₹50,000. The cycle scheme amount has been raised to ₹4,000 and uniform scheme benefits have also increased. More than 2 lakh girls benefited from these in 2024&ndash;25.

The implementation of Saat Nischay Part-1 and Part-2 is being carried out in mission mode by the Bihar Vikas Mission. Progress in the agriculture roadmap, education, and health schemes is being monitored. Under the Bihar Student Credit Card Scheme, youth are provided up to ₹4 lakh in loans at 4% simple interest, while women, persons with disabilities, and transgender individuals get the same at 1% interest. By 2025, 5 lakh youth have benefited. Under the Mukhyamantri Nishchay Swayam Sahayata Bhatta Yojana, ₹300 crore has been disbursed to 3.5 lakh youth. Under the Kushal Yuva Program, training in language, communication, and computer skills is being provided at 2,000 centers.

More than 350 government institutions have been equipped with free Wi-Fi facilities. Under the Startup Policy 2017, a venture capital fund of ₹700 crore has been created, and 1,500 startups have been linked for incubation. Under the Har Ghar Bijli Yojana, 1.19 crore households were covered by 2018, and 100% electrification has been ensured by 2025. Farmers are being given free electricity connections under the Mukhyamantri Krishi Vidyut Sambandh Yojana.

Under the Har Ghar Nal ka Jal Yojana, by 2025, work began in 40,000 rural wards, of which 30,000 have been completed, covering 25 lakh households. The Public Health Engineering Department began work in 6,000 non-quality-affected wards, completing 2,500 and covering 5 lakh households. Schemes have been approved for 4,000 arsenic, 4,200 fluoride, and 12,000 iron-affected wards. Under the Mini Pipe Water Supply Scheme, work began in 5,500 wards, 1,200 completed, covering 2 lakh homes. In urban areas, work started in 3,000 wards, with 8 lakh households receiving piped water.

Good governance and inclusive development of Bihar

बिहार का सुशासन और समावेशी विकास

Introduction

The foundation of Indian democracy rests on the delicate balance among its three pillars: the Legislature, the Executive, and the Judiciary. This balance is the soul of the Constitution, which mandates these institutions to function collaboratively while maintaining checks and balances. In recent decades, several landmark decisions by the Supreme Court have sparked a debate: Is the judiciary surpassing the authority of Parliament, effectively becoming a &#39;Super Parliament&#39;? Or is it merely fulfilling its role as the guardian of the Constitution? This question is not just about constitutional arrangements but also about the future of Indian democracy. This article examines whether the Supreme Court is indeed a &#39;Super Parliament&#39; or operates within its constitutional limits to protect democratic principles.

Why is the Supreme Court Called a &#39;Super Parliament&#39;?

The Supreme Court&rsquo;s powers and proactive role distinguish it from Parliament, occasionally positioning it as a superior authority in specific contexts. The following points elucidate this perception:

<ol>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Supreme Interpreter of the Constitution: The Supreme Court holds the ultimate authority to interpret the Indian Constitution. Under Article 141, its judgments are binding across the nation. This implies that any law passed by Parliament, if found to be in conflict with the Constitution, can be struck down by the judiciary. This power grants the judiciary a supervisory role over Parliament. For instance, in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) case, the Court established the &#39;Basic Structure Doctrine,&#39; ruling that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution&rsquo;s fundamental framework. This landmark decision set a clear limit on Parliament&rsquo;s amendment powers.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Judicial Review: The judiciary has the power to review the constitutionality of laws and amendments passed by Parliament. If a law violates fundamental rights or other constitutional provisions, the Supreme Court can declare it unconstitutional. Key examples include: 
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li style="text-align:justify">Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980): The Court struck down a parliamentary amendment that undermined fundamental rights.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967): The Court ruled that Parliament could not amend fundamental rights, though this was later modified by the 24th Constitutional Amendment.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975): The Court invalidated an amendment that sought to shield the Prime Minister&rsquo;s election from judicial scrutiny.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Electoral Bonds Case (2024): The Court declared the Electoral Bonds Scheme unconstitutional for violating the Right to Information (RTI) and transparency.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Protector of Fundamental Rights: Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution allow citizens to approach the Supreme Court or High Courts directly if their fundamental rights are violated. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described Article 32 as the &#39;heart and soul&#39; of the Constitution. This provision empowers the judiciary to oversee the actions of both Parliament and the Executive. Notable cases include: 
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li style="text-align:justify">Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017): The Court declared triple talaq unconstitutional, safeguarding Muslim women&rsquo;s rights.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018): The Court decriminalized homosexuality by striking down parts of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Sabarimala Temple Case (2018): The Court lifted the ban on women&rsquo;s entry into the Sabarimala temple, promoting gender equality.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Public Interest Litigation (PIL): Since the 1980s, PILs have enabled the judiciary to address societal issues proactively. Any citizen can file a PIL on matters of public interest, leading to significant reforms in various domains: 
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li style="text-align:justify">Environmental Protection: Orders banning firecrackers during Diwali and guidelines for industrial waste management.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Child Labour Eradication: Bans on child labour in hazardous industries.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Police Reforms: Directives for transparency in police recruitment, transfers, and autonomy.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Prison Reforms: Measures to improve prison conditions and protect prisoners&rsquo; rights.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Anti-Corruption Initiatives: Suo motu actions and orders for fair investigations in corruption cases.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Judicial Activism: Judicial activism occurs when the judiciary intervenes in the functions of the Legislature or Executive to protect the Constitution. Its objectives include safeguarding fundamental rights, addressing administrative inaction, and ensuring proper implementation of laws. Examples include: 
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li style="text-align:justify">Firecracker Ban: Restrictions on firecracker sales and use during Diwali to combat air pollution.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Sabarimala Verdict: Ensuring women&rsquo;s equal religious rights.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Section 377 Decriminalization: Protecting the rights of the LGBTQ+ community.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Article 142: Power to Do Complete Justice: Article 142 grants the Supreme Court the authority to pass orders necessary for delivering &#39;complete justice,&#39; even beyond existing legal provisions. This unique power enables the Court to act flexibly in the interest of justice. Key examples: 
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li style="text-align:justify">Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid Case (2019): The Court awarded the disputed land to Ram Lalla and allocated alternative land to the Muslim side to maintain social harmony.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">Sahara-SEBI Case: Orders for refunding investors when standard procedures failed.</li>
		<li style="text-align:justify">MP/MLA Bribery Immunity Case (2024): The Court ruled that MPs/MLAs accepting bribes for votes or speeches are not immune under Articles 105 or 194.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ol>

Recent Developments (2024-2025)

Recent judicial interventions further highlight the Supreme Court&rsquo;s significant role:

<ol>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Electoral Bonds Scheme (February 2024): The Court struck down the Electoral Bonds Scheme, citing violations of transparency and the Right to Information. This decision promoted accountability in political funding and curbed the misuse of black money in elections.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Removal of Immunity for MPs/MLAs in Bribery Cases (March 2024): Overruling a 1998 verdict, the Court held that MPs/MLAs accepting bribes for votes or speeches are not entitled to immunity. This landmark ruling strengthened anti-corruption measures and upheld parliamentary dignity.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Tamil Nadu v. Governor Case (April 2025): The Court directed governors to act on the advice of elected state governments and clarified that governors lack the constitutional authority to withhold assent to bills re-passed by state legislatures. This reinforced federalism and democratic mandates.</li>
</ol>

Criticisms and Concerns

While the judiciary&rsquo;s powers are essential for constitutional protection, their extensive use raises concerns:

<ol>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Judicial Overreach: When the judiciary interferes in policymaking or administrative functions, it is termed judicial overreach. Examples include issuing directives on administrative appointments or policy matters, which fall under the Executive&rsquo;s domain.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Imbalance in Democracy: Frequent invalidation of parliamentary laws can disrupt the balance among the three pillars, raising questions about Parliament&rsquo;s sovereignty.</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Potential Misuse of Article 142: The lack of clear boundaries for Article 142&rsquo;s application raises concerns about its overuse, potentially rendering the judiciary overly powerful or authoritarian.</li>
</ol>

Conclusion

The Supreme Court is not a &#39;Super Parliament&#39; but the guardian of the Constitution. It does not stand above Parliament but ensures the supremacy of the Constitution. Its powers, including judicial review, PILs, and Article 142, equip it to protect fundamental rights and uphold democratic values. However, excessive interference risks unsettling the democratic balance. The judiciary must exercise its powers judiciously to maintain a healthy and sustainable democracy, ensuring that it complements rather than overshadows the roles of the Legislature and Executive.

क्या सर्वोच्च न्यायालय संसद से ऊपर है या 'सुपर संसद' है?

Is the Supreme Court Above Parliament or a 'Super Parliament'?

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