• The Waqf Act, 1954 - Waqf has only been strengthened post-independence. The Waqf Act of 1954 passed provided a pathway toward the centralisation of Waqfs. Central Waqf Council of India, a statutory body was established in 1964 by the Government of India under this Waqf Act of 1954. This central body oversees the work under various state Waqf boards which were established under provisions of Section 9(1) of the Waqf Act, 1954.
• The Waqf Act, 1995 - The Waqf Act was made even more favourable to Muslims in 1995, which made it an overriding law. The Waqf Act, 1995 was enacted to govern the administration of Waqf Properties (Religious Endowments) in India. It provides for the power and functions of the Waqf Council, the State Waqf Boards, and the Chief Executive Officer, and also the duties of mutawalli. This Act also describes the power and restrictions of a Waqf Tribunal that acts in lieu of a civil court under its jurisdiction. The Waqf Tribunals are deemed to be a civil court and required to exercise all the powers and functions exercised by a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. The decision of a Tribunal shall be final and binding on the parties. No suit or legal proceedings shall lie under any civil court. Thus, making the Waqf Tribunal decisions above any civil court.
• Amendments in 2013 - Some provisions of the Act were amended in the year 2013 to make waqf management more efficient and transparent. However, during the course of implementation of the Act, it was felt that the Act did not prove effective in improving administration of Waqf.
• The Waqf Repeal Bill, 2022 - For the purpose of achieving a more equitable arrangement and treatment of bodies such as waqf and other recognized religious entities established under similar intent, the aforesaid Waqf Act, 1995 as amended was tabled in Rajya Sabha on December 8, 2023.

1. Establishment of Wakf Boards:
   • The Act provides for the establishment of Central Wakf Council and State Wakf Boards to oversee the management of Wakf properties.
   • The Central Wakf Council advises the Central Government on matters related to Wakf properties, while State Wakf Boards manage Wakf properties at the state level.
2. Survey of Wakf Properties:
   • The Act mandates the survey and registration of all Wakf properties to maintain a comprehensive record.
3. Prevention of Encroachment:
   • The Act provides legal mechanisms to prevent encroachment and misuse of Wakf properties.
4. Management of Wakf Properties:
   • Wakf Boards are empowered to lease, develop, and manage Wakf properties for the benefit of the community.
5. Legal Framework:
   • The Act provides for the resolution of disputes related to Wakf properties through Wakf Tribunals.

1. Strengthening Legal Framework:
   • Introducing stricter penalties for encroachment and misuse of Wakf properties.
   • Enhancing the powers of Wakf Boards to take action against illegal occupants.
2. Transparency and Accountability:
   • Mandating regular audits of Wakf properties and finances.
   • Ensuring greater transparency in the leasing and development of Wakf properties.
3. Utilization of Wakf Properties:
   • Promoting the use of Wakf properties for educational, healthcare, and community welfare initiatives.
   • Encouraging public-private partnerships for the development of Wakf properties.
4. Digitalization:
   • Creating a centralized digital database of all Wakf properties to improve monitoring and management.
5. Empowerment of Wakf Boards:
   • Providing more autonomy and resources to State Wakf Boards for effective management.

• Example of Encroachment: In Delhi, a 2019 National Commission for Minorities report revealed that over 50% of Wakf properties, including mosques and graveyards, were illegally occupied by private builders or encroachers. For instance, a Wakf-owned plot in Okhla was converted into a commercial complex due to weak oversight.
• Example of Mismanagement: In Uttar Pradesh, a Wakf property in Lucknow, valued at crores, was sold off in 2018 by a local mutawalli (custodian) without proper authorization, depriving the community of funds meant for orphanages.

1. Renaming the Waqf Act, 1995: The Act has been renamed to the Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency, and Development Act, 1995, to reflect its broader objective of improving the management and efficiency of Waqf boards and properties, emphasising empowerment and development along with effective administration.
2. 2. Formation of Waqf: The Act allows waqf to be formed by: (i) declaration, (ii) recognition based on long-term use (waqf by user), or (iii) endowment when the line of succession ends (waqf-alal-aulad).

• representatives of Muslim organisations,
• scholars in Islamic law, and
• chairpersons of Waqf Boards.

• Resistance from Wakf Boards: In 2024, some Wakf Board officials opposed the bill, fearing loss of autonomy, similar to how state governments resisted GST in 2017 over revenue concerns. For example, the Kerala Wakf Board argued that external members might not understand religious nuances.
• Implementation Issues: Without resources, reforms could falter. For instance, the Swachh Bharat Mission succeeded due to dedicated funding, while the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam lagged due to logistical gaps—surveying Wakf properties nationwide could face similar risks.

1. Encroachment of Wakf Properties:
   • One of the biggest challenges faced by Wakf Boards is the encroachment of Wakf lands. For example:
     • In Delhi, several Wakf properties have been encroached upon by individuals and organizations. The Delhi High Court has repeatedly directed the Delhi Wakf Board to take action against encroachers.
     • In Telangana, the State Wakf Board has identified over 1,000 acres of Wakf land under encroachment, including by government agencies.
2. Mismanagement and Corruption:
   • There have been allegations of mismanagement and corruption in the administration of Wakf properties. For instance:
     • In Maharashtra, the State Wakf Board was accused of leasing out prime Wakf properties at throwaway prices to private parties.
     • In Uttar Pradesh, the State Wakf Board faced criticism for failing to utilize Wakf properties for community welfare.
3. Judicial Interventions:
   • The Supreme Court and various High Courts have intervened to protect Wakf properties. For example:
     • In 2022, the Supreme Court directed the Telangana State Wakf Board to take possession of a 1,600-acre Wakf land in Hyderabad that was under illegal occupation.
     • In 2021, the Delhi High Court ordered the removal of encroachments from a Wakf property in Mehrauli, Delhi.
4. Utilization of Wakf Properties:
   • Several State Wakf Boards have initiated projects to utilize Wakf properties for community welfare. For example:
     • In Karnataka, the State Wakf Board has developed educational institutions and hospitals on Wakf lands.
     • In Tamil Nadu, the State Wakf Board has leased out Wakf properties for the construction of shopping complexes and community halls.
5. Digitalization of Wakf Records:
   • The Central Wakf Council has initiated the digitalization of Wakf records to improve transparency and accountability. For example:
     • In 2023, the Telangana State Wakf Board launched a mobile app to provide information about Wakf properties and report encroachments.

1. Overview:
   • Bihar has a large number of Wakf properties, including mosques, dargahs, graveyards, and educational institutions.
   • These properties are managed by the Bihar State Sunni Wakf Board, which oversees their administration and utilization.
2. Phulwari Sharif Wakf Estate:
   • The Phulwari Sharif Wakf Estate is one of the most prominent Wakf properties in Bihar.
   • Located in Phulwari Sharif, a suburb of Patna, this estate includes mosques, madrasas, and other charitable institutions.
   • The estate plays a significant role in supporting Islamic education through its madrasas, which provide religious and secular education to students.
3. Other Notable Wakf Properties:
   • Khanqah Mujibia (Phulwari Sharif): A historic Sufi shrine and educational center.
   • Bihar Sharif Wakf Estate: Includes mosques, madrasas, and charitable institutions.
   • Sultanganj Wakf Estate: Known for its religious and educational activities.

1. Encroachment:
   • Like other states, Bihar faces the issue of encroachment on Wakf properties. Illegal occupation of Wakf lands by individuals and organizations is a major challenge.
2. Mismanagement:
   • There have been allegations of mismanagement and lack of transparency in the administration of Wakf properties by the Bihar State Sunni Wakf Board.
3. Underutilization:
   • Many Wakf properties in Bihar are underutilized and not fully developed for educational or community welfare purposes.
4. Lack of Funds:
   • The Bihar State Sunni Wakf Board often faces a shortage of funds for the maintenance and development of Wakf properties.

1. Strengthening Legal Framework:
   • Introduce stricter penalties for encroachment and misuse of Wakf properties.
   • Enhance the powers of the Bihar State Sunni Wakf Board to take action against illegal occupants.
2. Transparency and Accountability:
   • Conduct regular audits of Wakf properties and finances to ensure transparency.
   • Implement digitalization of Wakf records to improve monitoring and management.
3. Utilization for Education:
   • Develop Wakf properties into educational hubs by establishing schools, colleges, and vocational training centers.
   • Upgrade existing madrasas to provide both religious and modern education, aligning with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
4. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):
   • Encourage public-private partnerships for the development of Wakf properties.
   • Lease out Wakf lands for the construction of shopping complexes, hospitals, and community centers, with a portion of the revenue used for community welfare.
5. Community Welfare Initiatives:
   • Utilize Wakf properties for healthcare initiatives, such as setting up clinics and hospitals.
   • Establish skill development centers to provide vocational training to the youth.

1. Madrasas Supported by Wakf Properties:
   • Many Wakf properties in Bihar, such as the Phulwari Sharif Wakf Estate, support madrasas that provide religious and secular education.
   • These madrasas play a crucial role in educating underprivileged children, especially from the Muslim community.
2. Potential for Modern Education:
   • With proper reforms, Wakf properties can be developed into centers of modern education, offering courses in science, technology, and vocational skills.
   • This aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasizes the integration of modern and traditional education.
3. Scholarships and Financial Aid:
   • Revenue generated from Wakf properties can be used to provide scholarships and financial aid to students from marginalized communities.

Mission Karmayogi

Introduction

In the dynamic landscape of public administration, the development and empowerment of civil servants have become a critical element in ensuring the effective delivery of government services and the successful implementation of policies. Mission Karmayogi (2 September 2020), a landmark initiative by the Indian government, aims to address this imperative through a comprehensive capacity-building program. This notes given by Bihar Naman GS, examines the potential impact of Mission Karmayogi on the capacity-building of civil servants, drawing insights from relevant literature and exploring the challenges and opportunities presented by this initiative.

The significance of capacity building for civil servants cannot be overstated, as it directly impacts the quality of public service delivery and the ability of government agencies to effectively address the evolving needs of citizens. Effective governance relies on the competencies, ethics, and efficiency of civil servants, making capacity-building a cornerstone for national development.

Core Tenets of Mission Karmayogi

The essence of Mission Karmayogi lies in the word “Karmayogi,” which signifies a worker dedicated to their duties with commitment and ethics. The initiative focuses on:

• Capacity Building: Providing civil servants with opportunities for lifelong learning and continuous professional development.
• Competency-Driven Approach: Equipping officers with role-specific competencies to enhance efficiency and productivity.
• Technological Integration: Utilizing advanced digital platforms to offer accessible, affordable, and adaptive learning.

Launched in September 2, 2020, Mission Karmayogi aims to enhance the efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability of India's civil services by embracing modern methods while maintaining Indian ethos. It promotes transparency and accountability through RTI, Citizen Charters, E-Governance, and grievance redressal systems, which are key to good governance. The program focuses on building the skills of civil servants to make them more creative, proactive, and tech-savvy, preparing them for future challenges.

With an allocation of over ₹510 crore, the initiative targets 46 lakh central employees over five years (2020-2025). It seeks to eliminate elitism and ensure equitable opportunities for skill development across all levels of government employees.

Key Features of Mission Karmayogi

• Breaking Bureaucratic Silos: The initiative aims to eliminate the silo mentality across ministries and departments, fostering cross-functional collaboration.
• 70-20-10 Learning Model: This model ensures 70% of learning from on-the-job experiences, 20% from interactions with peers and mentors, and 10% from formal training.
• Fair and Transparent Evaluations: Objective assessments will measure civil servant performance to ensure accountability and effectiveness.

Six key pillars of Mission Karmyogi

Mission Karmayogi is built on six key pillars that form the foundation for a comprehensive capacity-building initiative for India's civil services. These pillars ensure a structured, technology-driven, and competency-based approach to governance.

1. Policy Framework

This pillar establishes the guiding principles, rules, and governance structures for implementing Mission Karmayogi. It includes:

• Defining competency-based training models for civil servants.
• Aligning training with national priorities and governance needs.
• Ensuring institutional coordination across ministries, departments, and training academies.

2. Institutional Framework

A structured institutional setup is essential for managing, delivering, and monitoring training programs. Key institutions involved include:

• Capacity Building Commission (CBC): Oversees competency development and evaluates training programs.
• Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) - Karmayogi Bharat: Manages the iGOT (Integrated Government Online Training) platform.
• Department of Personnel & Training (DoPT): Plays a central role in policy formulation and execution.

3. Competency-Based Learning

Mission Karmayogi shifts from rule-based to role-based training, focusing on competency enhancement rather than just seniority. It includes:

• Behavioral, functional, and domain-specific training tailored to roles.
• Continuous learning opportunities rather than one-time training sessions.
• Flexibility in learning paths for different levels of government employees.

4. Digital Learning through iGOT Platform

The iGOT (Integrated Government Online Training) Karmayogi platform is the backbone of the initiative, providing:

• Personalized learning experiences using AI-driven course recommendations.
• On-demand digital training modules accessible to all civil servants.
• Data-driven tracking of learning progress and performance.

5. Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

To measure the effectiveness of training programs, Mission Karmayogi includes:

• Real-time data analytics to assess participation and progress.
• Impact assessment studies to evaluate improvements in governance.
• Feedback mechanisms for continuous course refinement.

6. Human Resource Management Reforms

Mission Karmayogi aims to transform HR policies in government by:

• Linking training with career progression and performance appraisals.
• Encouraging a culture of continuous learning and professional development.
• Strengthening the role of leadership and ethics in governance.

The iGOT Initiative under Mission Karmayogi

The Integrated Government Online Training (iGOT) platform forms the backbone of Mission Karmayogi. With the motto “Competent Civil Services for Good Governance,” iGOT is designed to overcome the limitations of traditional training mechanisms.

Features of iGOT

• Module-based online training programs accessible on-site and on a flexitime basis.
• A repository of resources available as Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs).
• Certification-based learning paths to ensure measurable outcomes.
• Ensures that even grassroots-level government servants can participate in training programs, bridging the gap between central, state, and local governance frameworks.

Objectives of Mission Karmayogi

Mission Karmayogi is guided by the principles laid out in the National Training Policy-2012, which envisions equipping civil servants with the competencies required for their current and future roles.

• Reorienting Civil Services Training: Shifting focus from sporadic training events to continuous learning.
• Inclusive Capacity Building: Expanding the training outreach to include a larger segment of government employees, particularly at the state and UT levels.
• Overcoming Current Challenges: Addressing issues such as limited access to training resources and a fragmented training ecosystem.

Significance of Mission Karmayogi

• Reimagining the Civil Servant: Mission Karmayogi aspires to transform civil servants into ideal “Karmayogis,” embodying creativity, innovation, and commitment to public service.
• Strengthening Governance: The program ensures continuous capacity building, enabling government servants to remain aligned with modern governance challenges and public expectations.
• Enhancing Professionalism: By fostering a professional and progressive work culture, Mission Karmayogi aids in creating an efficient and responsive administrative system.
• Eliminating Silos: The mission aims to integrate diverse training efforts under a unified framework, ensuring coherence and eliminating redundancies in the training curriculum.
• Promoting Technology: A technology-enabled approach helps in real-time monitoring, evaluation, and upskilling of the workforce, aligning with the vision of a “New India.”

Capacity Building Commission

A key component of the National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB), the Commission is responsible for guiding and regulating training programs to enhance governance efficiency. It consists of a Chairperson and two Members, supported by a Secretariat.

Challenges in Implementing Mission Karmayogi

While Mission Karmayogi aims to modernize India’s civil services, several challenges must be addressed for effective implementation. These challenges range from cultural resistance to infrastructural and systemic barriers.

1. Resistance to Change

One of the biggest challenges in implementing Mission Karmayogi is overcoming bureaucratic inertia and skepticism.

• Traditional Mindset: Many government officials are accustomed to conventional working methods and may view digital training as unnecessary or burdensome.
• Fear of Role Alterations: Some employees may resist training programs due to concerns about shifting job responsibilities, skill redundancy, or increased workload.
• Lack of Immediate Tangible Benefits: Unlike conventional promotions or pay raises, skill enhancement through training does not always provide immediate career rewards, making it harder to incentivize participation.
• Change Management Gaps: A structured change management strategy is required to align employees with the vision of Mission Karmayogi.

2. Resource Constraints

Mission Karmayogi’s success depends on adequate funding, infrastructure, and human resources.

• Financial Challenges: A nationwide digital training ecosystem requires substantial investments in IT infrastructure, content development, and personnel.
• Infrastructure Deficiencies: Many government offices, especially at district and sub-district levels, lack the necessary technological infrastructure, such as high-speed internet and modern computing devices, to support digital learning.
• Lack of Skilled Trainers: Building a qualified pool of trainers for online and offline modules is a slow and resource-intensive process.

3. Political Interference

Political influence in bureaucratic operations could pose hurdles to impartial and merit-based reforms.

• Risk of Bias in Training Content: Training programs must be politically neutral, but there is a possibility that curriculum design could be influenced by ruling political ideologies.
• Frequent Policy Shifts: Administrative priorities often change with political transitions, which may disrupt the continuity of Mission Karmayogi’s long-term vision.
• Influence on Performance Assessments: If linked to career progression, training evaluations might be subject to favoritism or political favoritism rather than merit-based assessments.

4. Corruption and Nepotism

While Mission Karmayogi aims to promote efficiency and accountability, it may also inadvertently create loopholes if robust monitoring mechanisms are not in place.

• Manipulation of Learning Assessments: If performance in training modules influences promotions, there is a risk of falsified records or undue influence to manipulate results.
• Nepotistic Training Access: There could be a tendency to selectively offer premium training opportunities to certain groups, limiting equal opportunities for all government employees.
• Lack of Transparent Review Systems: Without strong oversight, some bureaucrats may bypass training requirements while still advancing in their careers.

5. Technological Barriers

Many civil servants, particularly those who have spent decades in traditional roles, may struggle with digital learning platforms.

• Digital Literacy Gaps: Not all employees are familiar with online training methods, and a lack of digital skills can slow adoption.
• Resistance to Technology-Driven Learning: Older employees may find self-paced e-learning platforms difficult to navigate and prefer conventional classroom settings.
• Cybersecurity Concerns: A large-scale digital learning platform requires robust cybersecurity to protect sensitive government training data from breaches or cyberattacks.

6. Limited Accessibility

There is a risk that Mission Karmayogi’s benefits will remain concentrated among senior officials, leaving out a significant portion of the workforce.

• Exclusion of Lower Cadre Employees: Training programs often prioritize officers in higher ranks, while support staff, contractual employees, and lower-cadre officials may have limited access to capacity-building programs.
• Language and Content Barriers: Training content is often developed in English or Hindi, making it difficult for employees from non-Hindi-speaking states to engage effectively.
• Lack of Offline Training Alternatives: Employees who lack access to digital devices or internet connectivity may be left behind if physical training alternatives are not available.

7. Fragmentation

The presence of multiple institutions offering uncoordinated training programs leads to inefficiencies and a lack of standardization.

• Overlapping Courses: Different government training institutions may offer similar courses without synchronization, leading to redundancy and resource wastage.
• Lack of Unified Learning Framework: Without a standardized approach, employees might receive inconsistent training experiences across different departments.
• Challenges in Evaluation and Impact Measurement: Dispersed training programs make it difficult to assess the overall effectiveness of Mission Karmayogi in improving administrative capabilities.

8. Geographical Challenges

Government employees in remote and rural areas often face significant obstacles in accessing quality training programs.

• Limited Internet Connectivity: Many rural areas in India still suffer from poor internet penetration, making it difficult for officials to access online training modules.
• Lack of Physical Training Centers: Remote areas often do not have well-equipped training institutes, forcing employees to travel long distances for in-person learning.
• Time Constraints for Field Officials: Government employees in remote regions, such as police personnel, health workers, and revenue officers, have demanding jobs that leave little time for training participation.

Opportunities for Enhancing Capacity Building

To ensure that Mission Karmayogi achieves its full potential, capacity-building efforts must be dynamic, future-oriented, and inclusive. The following opportunities can significantly enhance the initiative's impact:

1. Leveraging AI and Data Analytics

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and data analytics into training programs can transform the learning experience for government employees.

• Personalized Learning Paths: AI-driven recommendation engines can curate customized training modules based on an individual's learning progress, role, and responsibilities.
• Real-Time Performance Analytics: Data analytics can track employee progress, assess knowledge retention, and provide insights for improving course effectiveness.
• AI-Powered Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: These can provide instant guidance, answer queries, and assist employees in navigating training modules.
• Predictive Analytics for Workforce Planning: AI can help identify skill gaps across departments and recommend targeted training programs.
• Automated Assessments and Certifications: AI-driven evaluation tools can streamline competency testing and certification processes.

2. Global Best Practices

Learning from international experiences can strengthen India's approach to capacity building. Key lessons can be drawn from:

• Singapore’s Civil Service College (CSC): A model for lifelong learning, leadership training, and digital governance skills.
• Estonia’s e-Governance Academy: Best known for its digital governance training, Estonia offers insights into secure, transparent, and efficient e-governance practices.
• UK’s National Leadership Centre: Focuses on cross-government leadership development and strategic decision-making.
• South Korea’s AI-Based Training Models: Demonstrates how AI and automation can improve public sector upskilling.
• Nordic Countries’ Citizen-Centric Governance: Lessons in promoting participatory governance and responsive service delivery.

By adapting these global best practices to India’s unique administrative and socio-cultural context, capacity-building efforts can be significantly strengthened.

3. Public Service Leadership Development

Strong leadership is crucial for effective governance. Establishing a National Leadership Academy can:

• Develop strategic decision-making skills among civil servants through case studies, simulations, and mentoring.
• Promote interdepartmental collaboration by encouraging knowledge exchange among officers from different ministries and states.
• Foster crisis management capabilities, preparing officials to respond effectively to emergencies and unforeseen challenges.
• Encourage ethical leadership, instilling values of integrity, transparency, and citizen-centric governance.
• Introduce mentorship programs, where experienced officers guide younger bureaucrats in navigating administrative complexities.

4. Adaptive Governance

As governance challenges evolve, India’s administrative framework must embrace agility, innovation, and responsiveness. To enable this:

• Agile Policy Training: Officials should be trained to adapt quickly to changing socio-economic and technological landscapes.
• Encouraging Experimentation and Pilot Programs: Promoting small-scale policy trials before large-scale implementation to minimize risks.
• Interdisciplinary Learning: Training programs should integrate knowledge from fields like behavioral economics, technology, and sustainability to improve policymaking.
• Citizen Engagement Training: Officials should be trained to incorporate citizen feedback into governance decisions, making policies more inclusive.
• Cross-Sector Collaboration: Training modules should promote partnerships between the government, private sector, and civil society to drive innovation in public administration.

Way Forward for Mission Karmayogi

Mission Karmayogi has the potential to revolutionize India's bureaucratic framework by fostering a culture of continuous learning, efficiency, and citizen-centric governance. To maximize its impact, the following key measures should be adopted:

1. Effective Implementation

A well-defined and structured implementation plan is essential for the success of the iGOT (Integrated Government Online Training) platform. This should include:

• A phased rollout strategy, prioritizing departments based on critical needs.
• Standardized content development across ministries to ensure consistency and relevance.
• Mandatory participation frameworks to encourage widespread adoption.
• Technical support and infrastructure development, ensuring seamless accessibility to the platform, particularly in remote areas.

2. Capacity Building for Trainers

Trainers play a crucial role in the success of any learning initiative. To enhance their effectiveness:

• A certification process should be introduced to qualify trainers for online and offline modules.
• Regular Train-the-Trainer programs should be conducted to keep them updated on new developments.
• Trainers should be provided with AI-driven analytics tools to track learner progress and personalize training approaches.
• Establishment of regional training hubs to facilitate in-person learning where necessary.

3. Incentivizing Learning

To drive engagement and motivation among government employees:

• Integration with performance appraisals should be established, linking training completion with career progression, promotions, and rewards.
• Gamification techniques such as leaderboards, badges, and certifications can be introduced to make learning engaging.
• Monetary or non-monetary incentives, such as recognition programs and award schemes, can be implemented for top performers.
• Encouragement of peer learning communities, where employees can share knowledge and best practices.

4. Continuous Monitoring and Feedback

To ensure that Mission Karmayogi remains effective and relevant:

• A real-time analytics dashboard should be developed to track course completion rates, learning patterns, and effectiveness.
• Surveys and feedback mechanisms should be introduced to gather insights from participants regarding course content and delivery.
• Annual impact assessment studies should be conducted to measure how the training is translating into improved governance and service delivery.
• A dedicated advisory body should periodically review and update training modules based on emerging governance challenges and best practices.

5. Inclusivity in Training

For Mission Karmayogi to achieve holistic administrative transformation, inclusivity is key:

• Training modules should cater to all levels of government employees, including Group A, B, C, and even contractual or support staff.
• Content should be made available in multiple regional languages to ensure accessibility across diverse linguistic backgrounds.
• Special training provisions should be introduced for women employees, differently-abled staff, and those from marginalized communities to promote equitable learning opportunities.
• Offline learning opportunities should be provided for those with limited digital access, ensuring that no one is left behind.

Mission Karmyogi and Bihar

Mission Karmayogi, the Government of India's initiative to enhance the capabilities of civil servants, has seen significant implementation in Bihar. A notable development occurred on October 7, 2024, when a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Capacity Building Commission (CBC), Karmayogi Bharat (Special Purpose Vehicle), and the Bihar Institute of Public Administration and Rural Development (BIPARD). This collaboration aims to transition public servants from a rule-based to a role-based approach, enhancing their skills through the iGOT Karmayogi digital platform.

Following this agreement, Bihar has made substantial progress:

• Onboarding of Officials: Over 2.4 lakh government officials in Bihar have been registered on the iGOT Karmayogi platform, reflecting the state's commitment to comprehensive capacity building.
• Course Engagement: These officials have actively participated in various online courses available on the platform. To date, there have been 31,368 course enrollments, with 23,724 courses successfully completed and certificates issued.
• Language Accessibility: To ensure inclusivity, BIPARD has adapted 25 course modules into Hindi, complete with voice-overs and subtitles, making the content more accessible to a broader audience.

This strategic implementation of Mission Karmayogi in Bihar exemplifies the state's dedication to fostering a skilled and efficient civil service, poised to meet evolving governance challenges.

Conclusion 

Mission Karmayogi marks a transformative shift in India’s civil services, aiming to create an accountable, transparent, and efficient bureaucracy. By embracing digital tools, competency-based training, and leadership development, it enhances public service delivery. 

To ensure success, overcoming bureaucratic inertia, securing financial support, and fostering continuous learning are crucial. Integrating global best practices and AI-driven learning models can make Mission Karmayogi a global benchmark for civil service reforms. 

With sustained efforts and stakeholder collaboration, India’s civil services can become adaptive, innovative, and citizen-centric, driving national progress toward sustainable development and good governance.

 

Introduction

The foundation of a democratic society lies in its diversity. To ensure that discrimination based on religion, gender, caste, language, color, or location does not prevail and that social harmony and order are maintained, it is essential to have a strong state above society. This state must be represented by a government that gives it a concrete form.

A government should continuously adhere to democratic processes, govern according to constitutional provisions, and maintain legitimacy through ongoing public approval. Therefore, it is necessary that elections are held at regular intervals to elect a government for a fixed term.

Periodic elections serve as the backbone of a democratic government, allowing the public to actively participate in governance. They also provide political parties with the opportunity to improve their performance in line with public aspirations.

Since India's democratic governance system is a synthesis of the parliamentary model and the federal system based on the Canadian model, elections for legislatures are held at both the union and state levels.

During India's first general elections, elections for both Parliament and State Assemblies were held simultaneously. However, over time, the central government misused the position of state governors, either dissolving state assemblies prematurely or imposing President's Rule.

Simultaneously, the coalition politics that emerged in the late 1970s led to unstable governments due to fragmented Lok Sabha formations, increasing the frequency of general elections. These two factors resulted in frequent legislative elections, ending the practice of simultaneous elections in 1968. Today, elections take place in different states almost every year.

This continuous electoral process has highlighted the need for changes in India's electoral framework and structure. The primary argument supporting this change is that the frequent enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct disrupts efficient governance. Additionally, the recurring nature of elections imposes a significant financial burden on administrative and security systems, which is not in the "national interest."

Furthermore, frequent elections also impact economic development and social stability. These reasons have fueled support for the "One Nation, One Election" concept, advocating for simultaneous elections for state legislatures and the Lok Sabha.

Elections form the foundation of India's democracy. Since the "One Nation, One Election" concept is directly linked to the election system in India, its study and analysis are of great importance.

As a concept, it is relatively new in the Indian context, necessitating academic exploration of its various aspects. Elections are essential for the orderly functioning of a diverse and democratic country like India.

Regular elections at the central, state, and local levels strengthen India's democratic framework and enhance political efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the feasibility of holding simultaneous elections at both central and state levels.

India's democratic framework has thrived due to its dynamic electoral process, enabling citizens to actively shape governance at all levels. Since independence, over 400 Lok Sabha and state assembly elections have demonstrated the commitment of the Election Commission of India to fairness and transparency. However, the fragmented and frequent nature of these elections has sparked discussions about the need for a more efficient system, reviving interest in the "One Nation, One Election" concept.

This idea, also known as simultaneous elections, proposes conducting elections for the Lok Sabha and state assemblies at the same time. Voters would cast their ballots for both levels of government on a single day in their respective constituencies, although elections could still be conducted in multiple phases nationwide. The objective of synchronizing election timelines is to address administrative challenges, reduce election-related expenses, and minimize governance disruptions caused by frequent elections.

A high-level committee report on simultaneous elections was released in 2024, providing a comprehensive framework for implementing this approach. The report was accepted by the Union Cabinet on September 18, 2024, marking a significant step in electoral reform. Supporters of this system argue that it could enhance administrative efficiency, reduce election expenses, and promote policy continuity. Given India's aspirations for streamlined governance and adaptable democratic processes, the "One Nation, One Election" concept has emerged as a major reform requiring thorough deliberation and consensus.

Historical Background

The concept of simultaneous elections is not new to India. From 1951 to 1967, elections for the Lok Sabha and all state assemblies were conducted simultaneously. The first general elections in 1951-52 followed this practice, which continued for three more elections in 1957, 1962, and 1967.

However, the early dissolution of certain state assemblies in 1968 and 1969 disrupted this practice. The fourth Lok Sabha was also prematurely dissolved in 1970, leading to fresh elections in 1971. While the first three Lok Sabhas completed their five-year terms, the fifth Lok Sabha’s tenure was extended until 1977 due to the declaration of an emergency under Article 352. Since then, only the eighth, tenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth Lok Sabhas have completed full terms, whereas others, including the sixth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth Lok Sabhas, were dissolved prematurely.

State assemblies have faced similar challenges in recent years, with frequent early dissolutions and tenure extensions. These disruptions have significantly affected the cycle of simultaneous elections, leading to the fragmented electoral schedule observed today.

 

High-Level Committee on Simultaneous Elections

On September 2, 2023, the Indian government formed a high-level committee chaired by former President Ram Nath Kovind to assess the feasibility of conducting simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and state assemblies. The committee sought public and political responses on the matter and consulted experts to evaluate the potential benefits and challenges of this electoral reform. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the committee's findings, its recommendations for constitutional amendments, and the expected impact of simultaneous elections on governance, resources, and public sentiment.

Key Findings:

• Public Opinion: The committee received over 21,500 responses, with 80% supporting simultaneous elections. Feedback came from all regions of India, including Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Nagaland, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The highest number of responses came from Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, West Bengal, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Political Parties’ Views: Out of 47 political parties, 32 supported simultaneous elections, citing benefits such as efficient resource utilization and social harmony. However, 15 parties raised concerns about potential anti-democratic effects and the marginalization of regional parties.
• Expert Consultation: Former Chief Justices of India, former Election Commissioners, and legal experts overwhelmingly supported the idea, highlighting the wastage of resources and socio-economic disruptions caused by frequent elections.
• Economic Impact: Business organizations such as CII, FICCI, and ASSOCHAM supported the proposal, emphasizing its positive impact on economic stability by reducing election-related costs and disruptions.
• Legal and Constitutional Analysis: The committee recommended amendments to Articles 82A and 324A of the Indian Constitution to facilitate simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha, state assemblies, and local bodies.
• Implementation Approach: The committee proposed a two-phase implementation strategy:
  • Phase 1: Conduct simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and state assemblies.
  • Phase 2: Hold municipal and panchayat elections within 100 days of the Lok Sabha and assembly elections.

Rationale for Simultaneous Elections

1. Continuity in Governance: The current electoral cycle often distracts political leaders from governance, as they focus on upcoming elections. Simultaneous elections would allow governments to concentrate on policy implementation and development initiatives.
2. Reduced Policy Delays: The Model Code of Conduct disrupts administrative activities and welfare initiatives. Simultaneous elections would minimize such disruptions, ensuring timely policy execution.
3. Efficient Resource Utilization: Election-related administrative tasks divert officials from their primary responsibilities. A synchronized election cycle would reduce the frequency of such diversions.
4. Relevance of Regional Parties: Contrary to concerns, simultaneous elections would maintain the significance of regional parties by allowing them to focus on local issues without national election influences.
5. Financial Efficiency: Reducing the number of election cycles would significantly cut down election-related expenses, allowing better fiscal management and promoting investor confidence.

Disadvantages of Conducting Simultaneous Elections

The idea of "One Nation, One Election" has several advantages, but it also comes with significant challenges and potential drawbacks. Here are some key concerns associated with implementing simultaneous elections in India:

1. Impact on Federalism: India follows a federal structure where both the central and state governments function independently. If elections for both Lok Sabha and state assemblies are held together, it may undermine the autonomy of state governments and centralize power excessively.

2. Reduced Focus on Regional Issues: When national and state elections are held simultaneously, national parties and issues tend to dominate the discourse. This could marginalize regional parties and local issues, as voters may be more inclined to focus on broader national concerns rather than state-specific problems.

3. Impact on Democratic Process: Frequent elections ensure continuous engagement between political parties and the public. They provide an opportunity for citizens to hold the government accountable at regular intervals. If elections are held only once in five years, public grievances may not receive timely attention.

4. Complexity in Case of Government Collapse: If a state government or the central government falls before completing its tenure, it creates uncertainty. Would the state be placed under President’s Rule until the next synchronized election? Holding fresh elections in between would defeat the purpose of simultaneous elections.

5. Threat to Political Diversity: Large national parties, with greater financial and organizational resources, could gain a significant advantage in simultaneous elections. This may weaken smaller regional parties and impact India’s multi-party democracy, reducing political diversity.

6. Influence on Voter Choice: Currently, voters can make different choices in national and state elections based on distinct leadership and policies. However, when elections are held simultaneously, voters may be inclined to vote for the same party at both levels, potentially reducing political checks and balances.

7. Logistical and Administrative Challenges

• Conducting elections across the entire country simultaneously requires massive security arrangements and administrative coordination.
• A large number of EVMs (Electronic Voting Machines) and VVPATs would be needed, which may pose logistical difficulties.
• Managing electoral staff and ensuring smooth polling operations nationwide would be a monumental task.

8. Impact on Development Activities

• Governments often announce new policies and welfare schemes keeping elections in mind. If elections occur only once every five years, governments might not be as responsive to public demands between election cycles.
• Frequent elections force governments to remain accountable and sensitive to public needs.

9. Constitutional Amendments Required: Implementing "One Nation, One Election" would require several constitutional changes, including:

• Amendments to Articles 83 and 172, which define the tenure of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
• Changes to Article 356, which deals with President’s Rule in states and could affect governance if elections are delayed.

Conclusion

The high-level committee, led by former President Ram Nath Kovind, has laid the foundation for a transformative shift in India's electoral process. By aligning Lok Sabha and state assembly election cycles, the proposed reforms aim to address longstanding challenges related to governance disruptions and resource wastage. With broad public and political support, the "One Nation, One Election" concept is poised to streamline India's democratic processes and enhance administrative efficiency.

Introduction

India and the United States share a multifaceted and strategic partnership, rooted in shared democratic values, economic interests, and security priorities. Over the decades, this relationship has evolved from a hesitant engagement during the Cold War era to a comprehensive global partnership in the 21st century.

In 2025, India-US relations are marked by robust cooperation across diverse sectors, including defence, trade, technology, and cultural exchange. The strategic partnership is underpinned by common goals of promoting regional stability, countering terrorism, and fostering economic growth.

Both nations collaborate extensively in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, space exploration, and cyber security, positioning themselves as leaders in global innovation. Additionally, defence ties have deepened through joint military exercises, defence procurement, and strategic dialogues, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region.

Economic engagement remains a cornerstone of bilateral relations, with the U.S. being one of India's largest trading partners. Ongoing negotiations for a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) reflect the commitment to expanding trade and investment opportunities. However, challenges such as trade imbalances, political dynamics, and differing climate change priorities continue to shape diplomatic engagements.

Amidst a rapidly changing global geopolitical landscape, the India-US partnership stands as a pillar of stability and progress. As both nations navigate complex regional and global challenges, their collaboration is pivotal in shaping a secure, prosperous, and sustainable future.

High-Level Exchanges

• Regular dialogue between the Leaders is an important element of the expanding bilateral ties. The outcomes of these visits have been instrumental in strengthening the multifaceted bilateral ties.
• There is regular high-level interaction with Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and President Biden. The respective leaders had several bilateral meetings and met on the sidelines of multilateral events. Prime Minister also participated in virtual Summits convened by President Biden including Quad, I2U2 (India, Israel, USA and UAE), Summit for Democracy and other events.
• PM Modi made his first State Visit to US from 21-23 June 2023 at the invitation of President Biden. In addition to a bilateral meeting with President Biden, he addressed a Joint Meeting of US’ Congress and interacted with business and thought leaders. PM Modi had visited the US in September 2021 for the first in-person Quad Leaders’ Summit on 24 September 2021 and had a bilateral meeting with President Biden. 
• President Biden visited New Delhi from 8-10 September 2023 to attend G-20 Leaders’ Summit. President Biden and PM Modi had a bilateral meeting and co-hosted a group of G20 leaders to accelerate investments in high-quality infrastructure projects and development of economic corridors through the India Middle East Europe Economic Connectivity Corridor and the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGI).

Recent Visits from U.S.

• U.S. National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan visited India on January 5-6, 2025, for discussions with his Indian counterpart, Ajit Doval, and other senior officials. The meetings focused on a wide range of bilateral, regional, and global issues, aiming to finalize ongoing initiatives before the U.S. administration transition. During his visit, Sullivan delivered a significant foreign policy speech at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, highlighting the importance of U.S.-India relations in the evolving geopolitical landscape.
• NSA Jake Sullivan visited in June 2024 for Second iCET Summit.
• US Trade Representative Ambassador Katherine Tai for 14th India-US Trade Policy Forum in January 2024.
• Senior Advisor to the President for International Climate Policy John Podesta in August 2024.
• Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Richard Verma visited India in February 2024 and again in August 2024.

Recent Visits to US:

• On February 13, 2025, President Donald J. Trump hosted Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi for an official working visit in Washington, D.C. The leaders discussed enhancing defense cooperation, with President Trump announcing plans to increase military sales to India, including the potential provision of F-35 fighter jets. Additionally, agreements were made to boost India's imports of U.S. oil and gas, aiming to reduce the trade deficit between the two countries.
• From December 24 to 29, 2024, India's External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar, visited the United States. During this period, he engaged with officials from both the outgoing Biden administration and the incoming Trump administration. The discussions aimed to ensure a smooth diplomatic transition and to lay the groundwork for continued collaboration on key issues such as defence, trade, and technology.
• EAM and Secretary Blinken met in Tokyo on the side-lines of Quad Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in July 2024. Earlier, EAM and Secretary Blinken attended the Munich Security Conference in February 2024. EAM met Secretary Blinken in Cambodia on sidelines of EAS in November 2022, August 2022, on side-lines of G20 FMM in Bali in July 2022, and on side-lines of G7 Summit in June 2022.
• Raksha Mantri visited the US in August 2024 and earlier in April 2022 for 4th 2+2 Ministerial Meeting.
• Foreign Secretary visited Washington DC from 9-12 April 2024 and held meetings at White House, State Department, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense. He also interacted with prominent think tanks and the business community. He had earlier visited Washington DC in June 2023 for the inaugural Strategic Trade Dialogue and other bilateral interactions.
• Principal Scientific Advisor (PSA) Shri Ajay Sood visited Washington DC and California in August 2024 for second bilateral meeting of Quantum Coordination Mechanism and related lab and industry visits.

Parliamentary Exchanges

                India-US relations enjoy strong bipartisan support in the US Congress. The India Caucus in the US Congress comprising the Senate India Caucus and the House Caucus on India and Indian Americans is one of the largest single country Caucus in the US Congress with more than 100 members.

Defence Cooperation

• India-US defence cooperation is based on “New Framework for India-US Defence Cooperation”, which was renewed for ten years in 2015. In 2016, the defence relationship was designated as a Major Defence Partnership (MDP). On 30 July 2018, India was moved into the Tier-1 of the US Department of Commerce’s Strategic Trade Authorization license exception.
• Defence cooperation is multifaceted and includes regular institutionalized bilateral dialogue, military exercises, and defence procurements. At the apex of dialogue mechanisms is the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue co-chaired by the Minister of External Affairs and Minister of Defence and the US Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense. This dialogue provides guidance on political, military and strategic issues. The fifth 2 + 2 Ministerial Dialogue took place in November 2023 in New Delhi. RM visited the US in August 2024. During the visit, RM met with Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin and NSA Jake Sullivan. He interacted with US’ defense industry and Indian community. Security of Supply Arrangement (SoSA) and MoA regarding Assignment of Liaison Officers were signed during the visit. India shall accordingly deploy an LO to US Special Operations Command (US SOCOM) in Tampa, Florida.
• The Defense Policy Group (DPG) headed by the Defence Secretary and Under Secretary of Defense (Policy) provides a platform for a comprehensive review of defense dialogues/mechanisms. The 17th DPG was held in Washington D.C. in May 2023. Defence procurement from the US are growing and amount to more than US$20 billion. Major USorigin platforms in use include C-130J, C-17, Apache, Chinook, MH60R helicopters, and

P8I. Other bilateral dialogue mechanisms are the Defense Production and Procurement Group (DPPG), Joint Technology Group (JTG), bilateral Maritime Security Dialogue, Industrial Security Summit and the Defence Trade and Technology Initiative.

• Since 2022, three US’ Maritime Sealift Command ships have visited Indian Shipyards for repair and allied services based on commercial contracts.
• Important defence agreements which provide the framework for interaction and cooperation are: Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (2016); Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (2018); Industrial Security Agreement (2019); and Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (2020) and Memorandum of Intent for Defense Innovation Cooperation (2018).
• The India-US Defence Industrial Cooperation Roadmap which concluded in May 2023, seeks to fast-track technology cooperation and co-production in areas of mutual interest. The India-US Defense Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS X) – a network of universities, incubators, corporates, think tanks, and private investment stakeholders was launched in June 2023. The second INDUS X Summit was held in New Delhi in February 2024.
• Military to Military exchanges take place through high-level visits, Exercises, Training Courses, and regular service-specific bilateral mechanisms. India has the largest number of military exercises with USA, which are growing in scale and complexity. Important bilateral exercises include Yudh Abhyas (Army), Vajra Prahar (Special Forces), Malabar (Navy), Cope India (Air Force), and Tiger Triumph (tri-services). Red Flag, RIMPAC, CUTLASS Express, Sea Dragon, Milan are some of the Multilateral Exercises in which the two countries participate. INS Satpura was the first Indian naval ship to visit US mainland when it came to San Diego in August 2022 as a part of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav. India joined the multilateral Combined Maritime Force (CMF) based in Bahrain, as an Associate Partner in April 2022. Counter Terrorism Cooperation
• Cooperation in counterterrorism is one of the pillars of the bilateral partnership featuring information exchange, capacity building, operational cooperation and regular dialogue through the India-U.S. Joint Working Group on Counterterrorism. In 2017, both sides initiated a dialogue on domestic and international terrorist designations listing proposals. The last JWG on CT and Designations Dialogue was in Washington DC on 5 March 2024.
• In February 2025, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Washington, marking a significant step in reinforcing defence ties between the two nations. Both countries have committed to deepening their partnership, with Modi emphasizing a collaborative vision: "When America and India work together, when it's MAGA plus MIGA, it becomes mega—a mega partnership for prosperity."

 

Security Cooperation

• The Homeland Security Dialogue (HSD) at the Home Minister/Secretary of Department of Homeland Security level was established in 2010. There are five joint subgroups under HSD dealing with Border and Global Supply Chain Security, Law Enforcement Engagements and Cooperation, Capacity Building, and Aviation Security. US’
• Senior Official Performing the Duties of the Deputy Secretary Kristie Canegallo and India’s Home Secretary Ajay Bhalla co-chaired the US-India Homeland Security Dialogue in February 2024 in New Delhi. India also participated in the U.S. led Counter Ransomware Initiative meeting in Washington D.C. in November 2023.

Counter-Narcotics Cooperation

• The fourth bilateral Counter Narcotics Working Group (CNWG) meeting was held in Washington D.C. in July 2023. India also joined the US-led Global Coalition on Synthetic Drugs.

Cyber Security Cooperation

• The India-US Cyber Framework signed in September 2016. India-US Cyber Dialogue was held in Washington D.C. in September 2022, led by respective DNSAs. India also participated in the US led Counter Ransomware Initiative meeting in Washington D.C. in November 2022.
• US is the largest trading partner of India with over all bilateral trade in goods and services of $190.1 billion for calendar year 2023. (Source: US Census data)
• During FY 2023-24, US was the third largest source of FDI into India with inflows of USD 4.99 billion accounting for almost 9% of total FDI equity inflows. Many Indian companies are investing in the US and adding value. According to a CII study released in April 2023,163 Indian companies invested over $40 billion in the US and created over 425,000 direct jobs.
•  An Investment Incentive Agreement between our Ministry of Finance and U.S. International Development Finance Cooperation [DFC] was signed in 2022 to enable equity investment, co-insurance, grants, feasibility studies, and technical assistance. As of January 2024, DFC’s India portfolio stood at close to 4.0 billion across 100+ projects.

Dialogue Mechanisms:

• India-US Trade Policy Forum (TPF): Established in 2005, TPF discusses market access and trade related matters. The 14th TPF was held in New Delhi, India, on January 12, 2024, led by CIM and USTR.
• India-US Commercial Dialogue: Focuses on cooperation in standards, ease of doing business, travel & tourism, and other important issues of commercial significance. It is co-chaired by CIM and the U.S. Secretary of Commerce. The fifth Commercial Dialogue was held in New Delhi on 10 March 2023.
• India-US CEO Forum: Established in 2005, the Forum meets on sidelines of the Commercial Dialogue and submits recommendations to the Commercial dialogue. The CEO forum met on March 10, 2023 in New Delhi. On November 30, 2023, the Indian Minister of Commerce and Industry Shri Piyush Goyal and the US Secretary of Commerce Ms. Gina Raimondo convened a virtual review of the India US CEO forum as a follow-up to the March 2023 meeting.
• Information and Communications Technology: A Joint Working Group on ICT was established in 2005 to bring together government and industry from both sides to discuss cooperation in electronics & IT sector. The last meeting was in May 2023 in Washington DC.
• India – US Economic and Financial Partnership Dialogue (EFP): Led by our finance minister and the US Secretary of the Treasury, the 9th ministerial EFP Dialogue was held in November 2022 in New Delhi. 11th Financial and Regulatory Dialogue was held in March 2023, in Gandhinagar.
• Indo-Pacific Economic Framework [IPEF]: India joined the launch of the IPEF in May 2022 along with 13 Partner countries. India joined three of the four Pillars of IPEF, related to supply chains (2), tax and anti-corruption (4) and clean energy (3).  Text of Pillar 2 ‘Supply chain resilience’ was finalized in May 2023 which has come into force since February 2024. IPEF Ministerial Meetings this year, were held in March 2024 and June 2024. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) Clean Economy Investor Forum (“Investor Forum”) was held on 6 June 2024 at the Sands Expo and Convention Centre, Singapore.

Strategic Energy Partnership/ Climate & Clean Energy Agenda 2030.

India and US have a strong bilateral partnership in energy sector. In April 2021, an India-US Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030 Partnership was launched, with two tracks i.e. Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP); and Climate Action and Finance Mobilization Dialogue (CAFMD). The SCEP has five pillars:

1) Power & Energy Efficiency,

2) Renewable Energy,

3) Responsible Oil & Gas,

4) Sustainable Growth, and

5) Emerging

• An Energy Storage Task Force supports integration of renewable energy needed to support the clean energy transition. The last SCEP Ministerial meeting led by US Energy Secretary and Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas was held in Delhi, India in July 2023.
• Hydrocarbon trade was US$ 13.6 billion in FY 2023-24.
• The US joined the International Solar Alliance in 2021 and ratified the ISA Agreement in 2022. US is also a Member of the Coalition for Disaster Relief Infrastructure (CDRI). India participates in the Major Economies Forum hosted annually by the US with focus on climate actions.
• In August 2023 India and the US launched US-India Renewable Energy Technology Action Platform (RETAP), to enable lab-to-lab collaboration, pilot projects, and testing of innovative technologies and capacitive development.
• The two countries agreed to a payment security mechanism financed through both public and private funds for providing financial guarantee to e-Bus manufacturers/operators in India.
• To lower the cost of capital and accelerate the deployment of greenfield renewable energy, battery storage and emerging green technology projects in India, in September 2023. Towards this end, India’s National Investment and Infrastructure Fund and the U.S. Development Finance Corporation exchanged letters of interest to each provide up to US$500 million to anchor a renewable infrastructure investment fund. The terms and conditions of the fund are under discussion.

S&T and Space Cooperation

• The Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement signed in October 2005, was renewed for 10 years in September 2019. The Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) promote cooperation in S&T and Innovation. U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and India’s DST, MeiTY and DBT signed three different Implementation Arrangements to support research collaboration in AI, advanced communication networks, quantum science, Internet of Things, Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical System, biotechnology manufacturing, bio safety and biosecurity etc.
•  India and the US have a long history of cooperation in the civil space arena in Earth Observation, Satellite Navigation, Space Science and Exploration. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has robust civilian space cooperation with the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); US Geological Survey (USGS) and academic institutions. India-US have setup a dialogue mechanism “Civil Space Joint Working Group (CSJWG)” for continuous evaluation and fostering the Space Cooperation. The last meeting of CSJWG was held in Washington D.C. in January 2023, co-chaired by Scientific Secretary, ISRO Associate Administrator of NASA and Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Department of State.
• ISRO and NASA are developing a microwave remote sensing satellite for Earth observation, NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR). NASA/JPL will contribute L-band Radar, while ISRO will contribute S-band Radar. S-band SAR from SAC/ISRO  Ahmedabad was delivered to NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in May 2021. An integrated payload was sent to URSC/ISRO Bangalore for integration with Satellite. Currently, the satellite is under the final stage of integration and testing and expected to be launched from Shriharikota, India later in 2024. The launch of Indian satellite GSAT20 onboard the US’ launch vehicle Falcon-9 is scheduled to take place from Florida, US in September 2024.
• ISRO availed NASA/JPL’s Deep Space Network Antenna support Chandrayaan-2 mission, and Chandrayaan-3 satellite missions. ISRO and NASA successfully implemented Professional Scientific Personnel Exchange Programme (PESEP) in earth observation applications under the framework signed in April 2017. During the last CSJWG discussion in January 2023, ISRO and NASA agreed to expand the scope for including space science, Earth science, and human spaceflight under PESEP.
• In January 2024, ISRO and NASA signed a Joint Statement of Intent to deepen their partnership in space exploration and mount a joint effort to the International Space Station. ISRO and NASA signed an IA for Strategic framework for cooperation in human spaceflight in March 2024.
•  Principal Scientific Advisor (PSA) Shri Ajay Sood visited Washington DC and California in August 2024 for the second bilateral meeting of Quantum Coordination Mechanism and related lab and industry visits.
• NASA Administrator Senator Bill Nelson visited the India during November-December 2023. He had meetings with MOS PMO and Dy. NSA in New Delhi. He visited ISRO HQ and had a meeting with Chairman ISRO/ Secretary DOS.
• Initiative for Critical and Emerging Technology [iCET] was launched by the National Security Advisors in Washington, DC on 31 January 2023 to facilitate strategic technology collaborations in critical and emerging technologies, co-development, and coproduction, connect the respective innovation ecosystems especially in AI, quantum, telecom, space, biotech, semiconductors, emerging defence technologies and biotech. The second iCET meeting was held in New Delhi on 13-14 June 2023. An intersessional review of iCET was held in New Delhi on December 4, 2023, between the US Principal Deputy National Security Advisor Jon Finer and the Indian Deputy National Security Advisor Vikram Misri. The second iCET Summit, chaired by the two NSAs, was held in New Delhi on 17 July 2024.

Health Cooperation

• There is a longstanding research collaboration in the health sector to develop new therapeutics and diagnostics. Under the Bilateral Vaccine Action Program (VAP), a ROTAVAC® vaccine to counter diarrhoea in children was developed by an Indian company at an affordable cost. The 34th JWG of VAP was held in Washington DC in 2022.
• There are more than 200 active collaborations between US National Institutes of Health network of labs and leading research agencies, to deliver affordable health-care solutions.  India supplies about 40% of generic formulations marketed in US. Indian pharma companies have manufacturing units in about 14 locations in US. Indian companies, known for quality generic medicines have the largest US Food and Drug Administration compliant pharmaceutical plants. Indian Institutions are collaborating to promote Ayurveda.
• The India-US Health Dialogue is led by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India and US Department of Health and Human Services. In 2021, the fourth Dialogue was held in New Delhi. The fifth dialogue was held in Washington DC during 9-12 Oct 2023 which discussed several areas of cooperation including pandemic preparedness, health safety and security, digital health, vaccine development, maternal and child health, traditional medicines, food and drug administrations, etc.
• India participated in the US-led Global Action Plan (GAP) launched in February 2022 to bridge policy gaps and end the COVID.
• Under the US initiative, Cancer Moonshot, launched in June 2023, India’s DBT and US National Cancer Institute facilitate public and private sector’s commitments to reduce the burden of cancer in India. First meeting of the India- US Cancer Dialogue under the Cancer Moonshot programme was held on 5-6 August 2024 in New Delhi.  

Education & Cultural Cooperation

• Education partnership is an important pillar of India-US ties with strong linkages and history of higher education collaborations. Under the Fulbright-Nehru Bi-National Program, both countries support Fulbright-Nehru scholarships and grants to US and Indian scholars, professionals, and students. The Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN) was launched by India in 2015 to facilitate visits by 1000 US teachers annually to teach in India. GIAN has been extended to other countries also.
• The India-US Working Group on Education and Skill Development (WGESD) was launched in May 2023 to focus on skilling and vocational education, certification and recognition, matchmaking between higher educational institutions and engaging with private sector. Subcommittees on Linkages in higher education, Leveraging Private Sector, Skilling and Vocational Training, and Certification and Recognition were launched in February 2024.
• The US is one of the most favoured destinations of Indian students for higher education. As of May 2024, there are about 3,51,000 Indian students, mostly in graduate (masters) programs in STEM fields. As per the US State Department’s website, Indian students in the US contribute about $8 billion annually to the US economy.
• In September 2023, the Council of Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT Council), and the Association of American Universities (AAU) signed an MOU to establish India-US Global Challenges Institute which will bring together leading research and higher education institutions for S&T collaboration in sustainable energy and agriculture, health and pandemic preparedness, semiconductor technology and manufacturing, advanced materials, telecommunications, artificial intelligence, and quantum science.
• The academic collaboration has been multifaceted, encompassing joint research, faculty and student exchange programs, joint degree programs, and other activities. There are growing multi-institutional collaborative education partnerships in critical and emerging technologies. IIT Bombay joined the Chicago Quantum Exchange as an international partner. Several IITs have strong ongoing academic research partnerships with universities in the US.
• Cultural cooperation is rich and manifests in diverse ways. There are India-focused educational programs in universities and educational institutions. Indian Embassy and Consulates organize various cultural events to showcase diverse facets of Indian culture. Artists and technical experts from both countries undergo training in each other’s institutions. Programs highlighting Indian cultural heritage, Indian festivals, and initiatives such as International Day of Yoga, World Hindi Diwas, Gandhi Jayanti, Ayurveda day are organized from time to time with participation of Indian diaspora and friends of India. Indian Diaspora cultural organizations are engaged in actively promoting Indian culture especially in younger generation.
• India and the US signed the first ever 'Cultural Property Agreement' in July 2024 in New Delhi to prevent and curb the illicit trafficking of antiquities.

Economic and Trade Cooperation

The economic partnership has seen notable developments. U.S. pharmaceutical company Amgen announced a $200 million investment in a new technology center in Hyderabad, India, focusing on leveraging AI and data science for drug development. This initiative aims to employ around 2,000 people by the end of the year, exemplifying the growing technological collaboration between the two countries.

Challenges and Controversies in India-USA Relations (2025)

Despite the positive trajectory, challenges persist. A recent political controversy arose when Elon Musk claimed that the U.S. had cancelled a $21 million grant intended to support voter turnout in India. However, records indicate no such funds were allocated to India; instead, the money was directed towards political engagement in Bangladesh. This misinformation has fueled suspicions and political debates in both countries.

1. Political Challenges and Misinformation

• Misinformation Incident Involving Elon Musk:
  In early 2025, a political controversy arose when Elon Musk alleged that the U.S. cancelled a $21 million grant meant to support voter turnout in India. However, official records showed that the funds were actually allocated to political engagement in Bangladesh, not India.
  • Impact: This misinformation fuelled political debates and suspicions, impacting diplomatic trust and creating political narratives that could strain bilateral ties.
  • Implication: The incident underscores the growing challenge of misinformation in international relations, necessitating transparent communication and proactive diplomacy.
     
• Domestic Political Dynamics:
  Both nations face complex domestic political landscapes that influence foreign policy decisions. In the U.S., partisan politics can impact trade and defence agreements, while in India, domestic electoral considerations may influence foreign policy stances.
  • Example: Any perceived foreign interference or influence in domestic politics can trigger nationalist sentiments, complicating diplomatic negotiations.

2. Economic and Trade Disputes

• Trade Imbalances and Protectionism:
  Despite ongoing negotiations for a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA), trade imbalances and protectionist policies remain points of contention.
  • Issue: The U.S. has expressed concerns over India's high tariffs on American goods, while India seeks greater access to the U.S. market for its technology and pharmaceutical products.
  • Negotiation Hurdles: Disagreements on intellectual property rights, data localization laws, and digital trade regulations continue to pose challenges.
• Impact of Global Economic Trends:
  Global economic uncertainties, including supply chain disruptions and currency fluctuations, influence bilateral trade dynamics. Additionally, the U.S.-China trade tensions indirectly impact India's trade relations with the U.S., as both countries navigate the shifting global trade landscape.

3. Defense and Strategic Concerns

• Geopolitical Tensions in the Indo-Pacific:
  The strategic cooperation between India and the U.S. is heavily influenced by Indo-Pacific security dynamics, particularly concerning China's assertive actions in the South China Sea.
  • Challenge: Balancing strategic interests while avoiding direct confrontation with China is a delicate diplomatic manoeuvre for both nations.
  • Implication: India's participation in the Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) with the U.S., Japan, and Australia is seen as a strategic counter to China's influence, but it also risks escalating regional tensions.
• Defense Trade and Technology Transfer:
  While defense ties are strengthening, differences over technology transfer agreements and defense procurement policies remain. The U.S. seeks more transparency and protection of intellectual property, while India aims for greater localization and indigenous defense manufacturing.

4. Human Rights and Social Issues

• Human Rights Concerns and Political Criticism:
  The U.S. has periodically raised concerns over human rights issues in India, including religious freedoms, press freedom, and minority rights.
  • Political Sensitivity: Such criticism is often viewed by India as interference in its domestic affairs, leading to diplomatic friction.
  • Example: U.S. lawmakers' comments on India's internal policies have occasionally sparked protests and political backlash in India.
• Visa and Immigration Policies:
  Visa and immigration policies, particularly regarding the H-1B visa program, continue to be a point of contention. Changes in U.S. immigration laws impact Indian professionals in the tech sector, influencing economic and social ties.

5. Environmental and Climate Change Disagreements

• Diverging Climate Change Priorities:
  Despite cooperation on renewable energy and climate technology, India and the U.S. have differing approaches to climate change commitments.
  • Issue: The U.S. emphasizes strict carbon reduction targets, while India advocates for climate justice, emphasizing financial support and technology transfer from developed countries.
  • Diplomatic Challenge: Reconciling these differences is crucial for effective collaboration in global climate forums.

Conclusion

India-U.S. relations in 2025 are characterized by strong strategic and economic partnerships but are also challenged by political dynamics, trade disputes, defence concerns, and social issues. Navigating these challenges requires strategic diplomacy, transparent communication, and mutual respect for each nation’s domestic policies. As the global geopolitical landscape evolves, maintaining a balanced and constructive dialogue will be essential for sustaining this crucial bilateral relationship.

 

By Tarun Ranjan

C.O., Govt. of Bihar

Introduction

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), contained in Part IV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 36-51), are guidelines aimed at establishing social justice, economic welfare, and political democracy. Although they are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced through the judiciary, DPSPs act as moral compasses for the legislative and executive branches to create policies that lead to an equitable society. Bihar, a state known for its rich history and cultural heritage, faces significant socio-economic challenges such as poverty, illiteracy, and underdevelopment. Examining the implementation and impact of DPSPs in Bihar sheds light on the state's efforts to achieve social justice, economic equality, and sustainable development.

Historical Context and Constitutional Basis

The Directive Principles were inspired by the Irish Constitution, reflecting the vision of the Indian freedom struggle's leaders for a welfare state. They aim to promote a just social order and are broadly classified into three categories: Socialistic Principles, Gandhian Principles, and Liberal-Intellectual Principles. Bihar, historically plagued by socio-economic disparities and political instability, has gradually leveraged these principles to enhance governance and social welfare. The state's policies have been significantly shaped by the need to address issues of poverty, caste-based inequality, and lack of infrastructure.

Classification of DPSPs and Their Relevance to Bihar

1. Socialistic Principles

These principles aim to establish a welfare state by reducing wealth disparities and ensuring equitable distribution of resources.

• Article 38: Directs the state to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people.
  • Implementation in Bihar:
    • Initiatives like Mukhyamantri Samajik Suraksha Yojana provide financial support to marginalized communities, including Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC).
    • Bihar Public Distribution System (PDS) ensures food security by distributing essential commodities at subsidized rates.
    • Social pension schemes, such as Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme, cater to the elderly and differently-abled individuals.
• Article 39: Ensures adequate means of livelihood, equal pay for equal work, and prevents wealth concentration.
  • Implementation in Bihar:
    • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) ensures employment and livelihood security, especially in rural areas.
    • Land reforms, including the Bihar Land Reforms Act, aim to redistribute land to the landless, promoting social equity.

2. Gandhian Principles

These principles draw inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy, focusing on rural development, social harmony, and self-reliance.

• Article 40: Calls for the organization of village panchayats, empowering local governance.
  • Implementation in Bihar:
    • The Bihar Panchayati Raj Act institutionalizes decentralized governance, enabling local self-government and community participation.
    • Women’s reservation in Panchayats (50% seats) has promoted gender equality and political empowerment.
• Article 43: Promotes cottage industries and local entrepreneurship.
  • Implementation in Bihar:
    • Bihar Khadi and Village Industries Board supports traditional industries, providing employment opportunities in rural areas.
    • Startup Bihar Policy encourages youth entrepreneurship, fostering economic growth.
• Article 46: Promotes the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker sections.
  • Implementation in Bihar:
    • Post Matric Scholarship Scheme and Pre Matric Scholarship for OBC/SC/ST ensure educational opportunities for underprivileged students.
    • Residential schools for SC/ST girls improve access to quality education.

3. Liberal-Intellectual Principles

These principles emphasize individual rights, international peace, scientific progress, and environmental protection.

• Article 44: Advocates for a Uniform Civil Code to ensure social harmony and equality.
  • Implementation in Bihar:
    • While a Uniform Civil Code is not implemented, Bihar maintains social harmony through inclusive governance and secular policies.
• Article 48A: Directs the state to protect and improve the environment.
  • Implementation in Bihar:
    • Jal-Jeevan-Hariyali Campaign focuses on environmental conservation, water resource management, and afforestation.
    • Clean Ganga Mission in Bihar aims to reduce pollution and restore the ecological health of the Ganges River.

Key Policy Initiatives in Bihar Guided by DPSPs

1. Social Welfare and Poverty Alleviation

• Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project (JEEViKA): Empowers women through Self-Help Groups (SHGs), promoting financial inclusion and entrepreneurship.
• Public Distribution System (PDS): Ensures food security for economically weaker sections, reducing hunger and malnutrition.
• Mukhya Mantri Vidhwa Pension Yojana: Provides financial assistance to widows, supporting economic independence.

2. Education and Skill Development

• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) have increased literacy rates and reduced dropout rates.
• Mukhyamantri Balak/Balika Cycle Yojana encourages girls to attend school, reducing gender disparity in education.
• Kushal Yuva Program: Focuses on skill development and vocational training for youth, enhancing employability.

3. Health and Nutrition

• Mukhyamantri Balika Poshak Yojana provides financial support for girls’ education and health.
• Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) offers health insurance to economically vulnerable families.
• Universal Immunization Program enhances child health and reduces infant mortality.

4. Economic Development and Employment Generation

• Bihar Start-Up Policy encourages innovation and entrepreneurship among the youth.
• MGNREGA provides guaranteed wage employment, reducing migration and promoting rural development.
• Bihar Industrial Investment Promotion Policy aims to attract investment, boosting economic growth and employment.

Challenges in Implementing DPSPs in Bihar

1. Resource Constraints: Limited financial resources and low state revenue hinder effective policy implementation.
2. Political and Bureaucratic Hurdles: Frequent political changes and administrative inefficiencies affect policy continuity.
3. Social and Cultural Barriers: Caste discrimination, gender inequality, and traditional social norms limit progressive reforms.
4. Lack of Infrastructure: Inadequate healthcare, educational, and transport infrastructure impede social welfare programs.

Future Prospects and Recommendations

1. Strengthening Local Governance: Empowering Panchayati Raj Institutions for efficient grassroots implementation.
2. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborations to enhance infrastructure, healthcare, and educational services.
3. Social Awareness and Community Participation: Mobilizing community support to overcome social barriers and enhance policy outreach.
4. Enhanced Financial Allocation: Increasing budgetary support for social welfare schemes to ensure comprehensive coverage.

Conclusion

The Directive Principles of State Policy provide a blueprint for building a welfare state. In Bihar, they have been instrumental in shaping policies that promote social justice, economic welfare, and environmental sustainability. Although significant progress has been made in poverty alleviation, education, health, and rural development, challenges such as political instability, financial constraints, and social inequalities continue to hinder the full realization of DPSPs.

To overcome these challenges, Bihar needs strategic planning, community involvement, and enhanced governance mechanisms. As Bihar progresses on its development path, DPSPs will continue to guide policymakers, ensuring that growth is inclusive and sustainable, thus fulfilling the vision of a just and equitable society envisioned by the framers of the Indian Constitution.

Poverty and unemployment have long been persistent challenges in India, particularly in rural areas where a lack of economic opportunities and financial resources hinders sustainable growth. In response to this issue, the Government of Bihar launched the JEEVIKA under the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project (BRLP), with support from the World Bank. The primary objective of this initiative is to empower rural women, alleviate poverty, and foster financial independence through Self-Help Groups (SHGs). By organizing women into SHGs, JEEVIKA enables them to access banking services, microfinance, skill development programs, and income-generating opportunities, thereby fostering economic self-sufficiency and social upliftment.

The JEEVIKA aims to eradicate rural poverty by promoting entrepreneurship and financial inclusion, with a special focus on women-led development. One of its most significant aspects is the formation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs), which allow women to collectively save, access low-interest loans, and invest in various income-generating activities. These SHGs function as community-based financial institutions, reducing the dependence of rural families on high-interest moneylenders and exploitative financial systems.

Additionally, JEEVIKA emphasizes capacity-building programs that provide training in agriculture, animal husbandry, tailoring, food processing, handicrafts, small-scale industries, and digital literacy. By equipping women with these skills, the scheme ensures that they not only secure employment but also develop entrepreneurial mindsets, contributing to the long-term economic stability of their households and communities.

A crucial component of the scheme is market linkages, which help rural producers sell their goods beyond their local regions. SHG products such as handwoven textiles, dairy products, organic food, and handmade crafts are marketed under government initiatives, increasing their reach and profitability. Additionally, partnerships with private enterprises, e-commerce platforms, and government procurement programs have further strengthened these market connections, ensuring sustainable income generation.

JEEVIKA also integrates social development programs related to healthcare, nutrition, education, gender equality, and sanitation, recognizing that economic empowerment alone cannot lead to holistic development. By addressing social barriers such as gender discrimination, child marriage, domestic violence, and lack of education, the scheme plays a transformative role in enhancing the overall quality of life in rural communities.

The impact of JEEVIKA has been profound and far-reaching. With over 10 million rural women benefiting from the program, it has successfully improved financial stability, increased employment rates, and enhanced social mobility in Bihar. Women who were once confined to household chores have now become successful entrepreneurs, decision-makers, and active contributors to economic growth.

One of the most remarkable achievements of JEEVIKA is the significant rise in household incomes, which has enabled better access to education, healthcare, and improved living conditions for thousands of families. Increased financial independence has empowered women to make informed decisions about their lives, such as investing in their children’s education, improving their homes, and securing better healthcare services. This shift has led to a gradual but noticeable reduction in rural-to-urban migration, as families find sustainable employment within their own communities.

Furthermore, JEEVIKA has strengthened women’s participation in local governance and community decision-making. Many SHG members have been elected to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), where they actively contribute to policy discussions and play a key role in local development. This has led to increased awareness about women’s rights, social justice, and grassroots democracy, creating a more inclusive and progressive rural society.

Despite its numerous successes, JEEVIKA faces certain challenges that need to be addressed to maximize its effectiveness. One of the major issues is limited awareness about the scheme in remote areas, preventing many eligible women from joining SHGs. Additionally, market accessibility remains a challenge, as many rural producers struggle to compete with large-scale commercial businesses due to a lack of branding, packaging, and distribution networks.

Another pressing concern is the impact of climate change on rural livelihoods, particularly for those engaged in agriculture and allied sectors. Unpredictable weather patterns, declining soil fertility, and water scarcity threaten the sustainability of farming-based livelihoods. To counter this, the scheme must integrate climate-resilient farming techniques, water conservation methods, and renewable energy solutions to ensure long-term economic security for rural communities.

Moreover, while JEEVIKA has made significant progress in digital and financial literacy, many rural women still face technological barriers, limiting their ability to access digital banking, online markets, and government services. Expanding digital training programs and introducing simplified financial tools can further bridge this gap, ensuring greater financial inclusion.

To enhance its impact and reach, the JEEVIKA must be expanded beyond Bihar to other states facing similar rural development challenges. A nationwide adoption of this model could accelerate poverty alleviation, promote women-led entrepreneurship, and contribute to India's vision of a self-reliant economy.

Additionally, strengthening public-private partnerships can help improve market access for SHG products. Collaborations with e-commerce platforms, corporate buyers, and export agencies can open new revenue streams for rural entrepreneurs, ensuring sustainable business growth. Furthermore, integrating technological innovations, such as blockchain-based financial systems, AI-driven agricultural advisory, and digital supply chains, can modernize rural economies and enhance efficiency.

The government should also focus on policy enhancements to provide greater financial incentives, skill development grants, and infrastructure support for SHG-led enterprises. A stronger emphasis on youth involvement can ensure that the next generation continues to build upon the foundation laid by JEEVIKA, fostering long-term socio-economic stability.

JEEVIKA stands as a transformative initiative that has played a crucial role in poverty reduction, women empowerment, and rural economic growth in Bihar. By promoting financial independence, skill development, and community-driven entrepreneurship, the scheme has redefined the rural development model, offering a sustainable path to socio-economic progress.

While complete eradication of rural poverty remains a long-term challenge, the success of JEEVIKA demonstrates that structured financial inclusion, grassroots-level capacity building, and social empowerment can collectively bring about tangible improvements in rural livelihoods. If further strengthened and expanded, the initiative holds the potential to become a blueprint for rural economic development across India, setting a precedent for future poverty alleviation programs.

With sustained efforts, policy innovations, and active community participation, India can move closer to its vision of an inclusive, self-reliant, and prosperous rural society, making JEEVIKA a symbol of resilience, progress, and hope for millions striving for a better future.

 

Introduction

Fundamental rights are called fundamental or basic because they are essential and natural for human development. These rights, enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Indian Constitution, guarantee civil liberties so that all Indians can live in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These rights include most of the common individual rights found in liberal democracies, such as equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies through writs such as habeas corpus. Subject to judicial discretion, violations of these rights are punishable under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. Fundamental rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen is entitled to for the proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, regardless of caste, place of birth, religion, race, creed, color, or gender. They are enforceable by courts, subject to certain restrictions.

Six Fundamental Rights:

1. Right to Equality: Includes equality before the law, prohibition of discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, and equal opportunity in matters of employment.
2. Right to Freedom: Includes freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and the practice of any profession or occupation (some of these rights are subject to security of the state, friendly relations with foreign countries, public order, and morality).
3. Right against Exploitation: Prohibits all forms of forced labor, child labor, and human trafficking.
4. Right to Freedom of Religion: Guarantees freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion.
5. Cultural and Educational Rights: Ensures the rights of any section of citizens to conserve their language, script, or culture and grants minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies: Enables individuals to seek enforcement of fundamental rights through courts.

The term "rights" refers to freedoms that are essential for both individual well-being and community welfare. The rights guaranteed under the Indian Constitution are fundamental because they are incorporated into the supreme law of the land and can be enforced in a court of law. However, this does not mean they are absolute or immune to constitutional amendments.

One of the objectives of fundamental rights for Indians is to eliminate inequalities in pre-independence social practices. Specifically, they have been used to abolish untouchability and prohibit discrimination based on religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth. They also prevent human trafficking and forced labor. Additionally, they safeguard the cultural and educational rights of ethnic and religious minorities, allowing them to preserve their languages and establish and administer their educational institutions.

Fundamental rights were incorporated into the Constitution as they were deemed necessary for an individual’s personality development and for upholding human dignity. All individuals, irrespective of caste, religion, race, or gender, have the right to approach the Supreme Court and High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It is not necessary for the aggrieved party to file a petition. Those suffering from poverty may not have the means to do so, and therefore, any individual can initiate legal action on their behalf in public interest, known as "Public Interest Litigation" (PIL). In some instances, High Court judges have taken suo moto action based on news reports.

These fundamental rights not only help in ensuring security but also prevent gross violations of human rights. They emphasize the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing access and utilization of equal facilities for all citizens, irrespective of their background. Some fundamental rights apply to individuals of any nationality, while others are exclusively available to Indian citizens. The right to life and personal liberty, as well as freedom of religion, is available to all individuals. On the other hand, freedom of speech and expression and the right to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved only for Indian citizens, including non-resident Indian citizens. The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be granted to foreign nationals in India.

Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from arbitrary actions of the state, but some rights are also enforceable against individuals. For instance, the Constitution abolishes untouchability and prohibits bonded labor. These provisions act as checks not only against state actions but also against actions by private individuals. However, these rights are neither absolute nor unrestricted and are subject to reasonable limitations necessary for general welfare. The Supreme Court has ruled that all constitutional provisions, including fundamental rights, can be amended. However, Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the Constitution. Features such as secularism and democracy fall within this category. Since fundamental rights can only be modified through constitutional amendment, they hold paramount importance in the governance of the country.

Impact of National Emergency on Fundamental Rights: During a national emergency, fundamental rights are adversely affected. Under such circumstances, the rights granted by Article 19 (freedom of speech, assembly, movement, etc.) remain suspended. The legislature may enact laws that contravene the rights provided in Article 19. Additionally, the President may issue an order suspending the right to approach the courts for the enforcement of other fundamental rights.

Summary:

• Fundamental rights are protected and guaranteed by the Constitution.
• They are not absolute: Parliament can limit them or impose reasonable restrictions for a specific period, but courts have the power to review the rationality of such restrictions.
• They are justiciable: The Constitution allows individuals to directly approach the Supreme Court for enforcement if they are violated or restricted.
• Suspension of fundamental rights: Except for rights guaranteed under Articles 20 and 21, all fundamental rights can be suspended during a national emergency.
• Restriction of fundamental rights: They may be restricted in certain areas under military rule.

Conclusion

Fundamental rights play a crucial role as they are the most essential for achieving an individual’s complete intellectual, moral, and spiritual state. The purpose behind incorporating fundamental rights into the Constitution was to uphold personal freedom, create an egalitarian society, and establish a welfare state governed by the rule of law.

Introduction

Caste plays a crucial role in shaping the nature of Indian politics. It has become an integral element of Indian politics. Theoretically, caste and democratic politics represent opposing value systems, as caste is a hierarchical structure, whereas democracy is based on equality and freedom. Despite this contradiction, caste has left a deep imprint on the Indian political system.

The caste system in India is traditionally divided into four main categories: Brahmins (priests and teachers), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants), and Shudras (servants). Within these hierarchical structures, there are hundreds of sub-castes. Each caste is associated with certain characteristics such as valor or craftsmanship. Caste equations have played a significant role in Indian politics, with political parties formulating electoral strategies based on caste demographics.

Role of Caste in Politics Caste influences Indian politics in the following ways:

• Social stratification system: Caste affects the socio-economic and political landscape of society.
• Political socialization: Caste values and interests shape political thinking, awareness, and participation.
• Candidate nomination: Caste consciousness guides political parties in selecting candidates.
• Impact on political campaigns: Parties heavily consider caste while formulating their electoral campaigns.
• Voting behavior: Caste plays a decisive role in shaping electoral campaigns and voter behavior.

Caste has become an essential component of Indian politics, impacting society both positively and negatively.

Positive Effects of Caste on Politics

1. Caste solidarity: Caste organizations contribute to education, healthcare, and social services.
2. Caste groups and alliances: Different castes unite to safeguard their rights.
3. Empowerment of the marginalized: Backward castes have gained political representation and empowerment.
4. Advancement of social justice: Caste-based laws provide security and protection to disadvantaged communities.
5. Expansion of democratic culture: Caste-based organizations help in promoting democratic ideals.
6. Role of pressure groups: Caste-based organizations influence policy decisions.
7. Contribution to economic development: Caste-based groups work towards economic inclusion.
8. Increased political participation: Caste politics has provided a platform for Dalits, backward classes, and tribal groups.
9. Reservation policies: These help reduce social inequality in education and government jobs.

Negative Effects of Caste on Politics

1. Caste-based division: Caste politics has led to societal fragmentation.
2. Social and political tensions: Reservation policies have led to dissatisfaction among other groups.
3. Mobilization by regional political parties: This weakens national unity.
4. Impact on policy decisions: Government policies are often influenced by caste considerations.
5. Decline in democratic values: Caste politics goes against the principles of equality and unity.
6. Diversion from developmental issues: Caste-based politics often sidetracks crucial developmental agendas.
7. Caste-based violence: Ethnic conflicts and unrest are rising due to caste-based discrimination.
8. Fake caste identity claims: Some individuals falsely claim lower caste status to avail benefits.
9. Opportunism in politics: Caste politics has become a tool for power rather than genuine development efforts.

Conclusion

India is a democratic country, and caste is a deeply entrenched social institution. Caste-based politics can be a challenge to democracy, as it contradicts the ideals of social unity and equality. If people continue to vote solely on caste lines, it indicates a regressive societal outlook. The elimination of the caste system is the only way forward for democracy to flourish in its true essence. Caste-based politics requires a balanced perspective. While ensuring social justice and equality, policy reforms should aim at reducing caste-based divisions. To move beyond caste-driven politics, India must promote education, awareness, and inclusive development. Only then can a strong and harmonious society be built.

Introduction

India’s relations with the Middle East are deeply rooted in history, trade, and strategic interests. The region, home to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Israel, and Iran, plays a vital role in India's energy security, trade, investment, defense cooperation, and cultural ties. With over 9 million Indians living in the Gulf region, strong diplomatic and economic engagement with Middle Eastern nations is a priority for India.

In recent years, India has moved beyond its traditional dependence on oil imports and strengthened defense, technology, investment, and regional connectivity partnerships. With evolving geopolitical dynamics, India's role in the region is becoming more multifaceted and influential.

Historical Context of India-Middle East Relations

India and the Middle East share a history that dates back thousands of years. The Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE) had trade links with Mesopotamia, Persia, and Arabia. Over centuries, Arab traders introduced Islam to the Indian subcontinent, strengthening cultural, linguistic, and trade ties.

In the 20th century, India’s diplomatic stance was shaped by:

• Support for Arab causes, including the Palestinian issue.
• Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), maintaining strategic neutrality.
• Energy and trade relations, particularly with Gulf nations.

Today, India's foreign policy balances its relationships with diverse players, including Saudi Arabia, UAE, Israel, Iran, and Egypt, ensuring mutual cooperation while avoiding regional rivalries.

Key Aspects of India-Middle East Relations

1. Economic and Trade Relations

The Middle East is one of India’s largest trading partners, accounting for over $200 billion in bilateral trade. The Gulf region supplies nearly 60% of India’s crude oil and serves as a key export destination for Indian goods.

🔹 Major Trade Agreements:

• India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) (2022) aims to boost bilateral trade to $100 billion by 2030.
• India-GCC Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is under negotiation, expected to increase economic cooperation.

🔹 Key Sectors of Trade & Investment:

• Energy – Oil, gas, and renewable energy projects.
• Infrastructure – UAE and Saudi investments in India’s smart cities and highways.
• IT & Technology – India’s IT firms expanding into the Gulf market.
• Food Security – India’s agricultural exports (wheat, rice, sugar) to the Middle East.

2. Energy Security: Oil, Gas, and Renewables

The Middle East is India’s largest supplier of crude oil and natural gas, with major imports from:
✔ Iraq (27%)
✔ Saudi Arabia (17%)
✔ UAE (11%)
✔ Iran (before sanctions, 10%)

India is now diversifying its energy strategy by:

• Investing in renewables (solar, wind, and green hydrogen) in the Middle East.
• Developing strategic oil reserves to manage price fluctuations.
• Exploring defense-energy cooperation, particularly with Saudi Arabia and the UAE.

3. Defense and Security Cooperation

India has significantly increased defense engagements with the Middle East in:

🔹 Joint Military Exercises:

• India-UAE Desert Eagle Exercise (Air Force).
• India-Saudi Arabia Al Mohed Al Hindi Exercise (Navy).
• India-Oman Eastern Bridge Exercise (Air Force).

🔹 Defense Partnerships:

• Arms deals & technology exchange – India’s defense exports to the region are increasing.
• Maritime security collaboration – Joint efforts to combat piracy, terrorism, and drug trafficking.
• Counterterrorism initiatives – India works closely with Middle Eastern nations to counter radicalism and cyber threats.

India-Israel ties are particularly strong in defense, with Israel supplying advanced missile systems, drones, and cybersecurity solutions.

4. Indian Diaspora in the Middle East

With over 9 million Indian expatriates in the Gulf, India has deep people-to-people ties with the region.

✔ Remittances from the Gulf exceed $50-60 billion annually, contributing to India's economy.
✔ Indian workers dominate sectors like construction, healthcare, IT, and retail.
✔ Gulf countries have relaxed visa policies for Indian professionals, boosting employment opportunities.

However, labor rights issues, including wage disputes and difficult working conditions, remain a challenge that India continues to address through bilateral agreements.

5. Geopolitical Engagement & Strategic Partnerships

Balancing Relations with Rival States

India maintains a delicate diplomatic balance among:

• Saudi Arabia and Iran – India imports oil from both but avoids taking sides in their conflicts.
• Israel and Palestine – India supports Palestinian self-determination while maintaining strong defense and tech ties with Israel.
• GCC and Turkey – India collaborates with GCC nations but has had tensions with Turkey over Kashmir.

Regional Connectivity & New Alliances

✔ I2U2 Grouping (India, Israel, UAE, USA) – Strengthens trade and technology collaboration.
✔ IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor) – A new trade route connecting India, the Gulf, and Europe, rivaling China’s BRI.
✔ Chabahar Port (Iran) – India’s investment in Iran’s Chabahar Port provides access to Central Asia and reduces dependence on Pakistan.

Challenges in India-Middle East Relations

🔴 1. Regional Conflicts & Political Instability

• Ongoing tensions in Yemen, Syria, Iraq, and Iran-Saudi rivalry affect India's energy security.
• The Israel-Palestine conflict and instability in Lebanon also impact regional trade.

🔴 2. Dependence on Oil & Gas

• Despite efforts to diversify, India remains highly dependent on Middle Eastern oil.
• Fluctuating oil prices and OPEC decisions impact India’s economy.

🔴 3. Labor Rights Issues

• Many Indian migrant workers face labor exploitation, poor wages, and visa restrictions in Gulf countries.
• India has signed labor agreements with UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar to improve worker rights.

🔴 4. Geopolitical Risks

• US-Iran tensions and sanctions affect India's oil trade with Iran.
• China’s growing influence in the Middle East challenges India’s strategic interests.

Future Prospects of India-Middle East Relations

✔ Strengthening Trade Agreements – Finalizing India-GCC FTA for economic growth.
✔ Expanding Renewable Energy Cooperation – Collaborating on solar, hydrogen, and wind energy.
✔ Boosting Defense Partnerships – More joint military exercises and arms exports.
✔ Enhancing Digital & Tech Collaboration – India’s IT and AI firms expanding in the Gulf.
✔ Improving Labor Rights & Welfare – Strengthening worker protections through bilateral agreements.
✔ Developing IMEC Corridor – Making India a key transit hub for Middle East-Europe trade.

Conclusion

India’s relationship with the Middle East is evolving from oil dependency to a multi-dimensional partnership covering trade, defense, technology, and connectivity. As India grows as a global power, its strategic influence in the region will continue to expand.

By diversifying energy sources, strengthening economic ties, enhancing defense cooperation, and balancing regional politics, India is positioning itself as a key player in the Middle East’s future. The success of initiatives like IMEC and I2U2 will further cement India's role as a bridge between Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.

Introduction

India, as one of the fastest-growing economies, faces a dual challenge of energy security and environmental sustainability. The country has been heavily dependent on fossil fuels, leading to high import bills and rising carbon emissions. To address these concerns, the Government of India has introduced several policies promoting bio-energy and ethanol blending as part of its transition to a greener economy.

National Bio-Energy Mission (NBEM)

The National Bio-Energy Mission (NBEM) was launched to promote biomass-based power generation and waste-to-energy initiatives. The mission aims to:

• Reduce dependency on fossil fuels by utilizing biomass, biogas, and bagasse-based cogeneration.
• Encourage the use of agricultural waste and municipal solid waste to generate energy.
• Promote investment in bio-energy projects to support rural economies.

This mission aligns with India’s commitment to renewable energy expansion and climate change mitigation.

Ethanol Blending Policy (E-3 to E-20)

Ethanol blending is a crucial part of India’s biofuel strategy. The Ethanol Blending Policy (EBP) was introduced to reduce the country’s dependence on imported crude oil and provide additional income to farmers.

Evolution of Ethanol Blending Targets:

• E-3 Policy: Initially, India aimed to achieve 3% ethanol blending in petrol.
• E-10 Policy: Later, the target was expanded to 10% ethanol blending.
• E-20 Policy (Current Target): India now aims for 20% ethanol blending by 2025.

Benefits of Ethanol Blending:

• Reduces Oil Imports: Helps cut foreign exchange outflows by reducing reliance on crude oil imports.
• Lowers Carbon Emissions: Ethanol is a cleaner fuel, helping India meet its COP26 and Net-Zero 2070 targets.
• Supports Farmers: Encourages the production of sugarcane, maize, and other biofuel crops, improving rural incomes.

National Policy on Biofuels (2018, Revised 2022)

The National Policy on Biofuels was introduced in 2018 and later updated in 2022 to accelerate the use of biofuels. The policy categorizes biofuels into different generations:

1. First-Generation (1G): Ethanol produced from sugarcane, maize, and food grains.
2. Second-Generation (2G): Biofuels derived from agricultural waste, forest residue, and municipal waste.
3. Third-Generation (3G): Algae-based biofuels.
4. Fourth-Generation (4G): Advanced biofuels using synthetic biology and carbon capture technologies.

Key Features of the Policy:

• Ethanol Blending Target: 20% ethanol blending (E-20) by 2025.
• Biodiesel Blending: 5% biodiesel blending by 2030.
• Expansion of Raw Material Sources: Inclusion of waste-based biofuels and non-food feedstocks.
• Financial Incentives: Government support for biofuel refineries and production units.

Challenges in Bio-Energy and Ethanol Policies

Despite ambitious policies, several challenges remain:

• Feedstock Availability: Excessive use of sugarcane for ethanol can impact food security and water consumption.
• Infrastructure Gaps: India lacks the distribution networks and storage facilities for large-scale ethanol blending.
• Technology and Investment: Advanced biofuel production (2G & 3G) requires significant R&D investment.
• Environmental Concerns: Excessive monocropping of biofuel crops can affect soil health and biodiversity.

Conclusion

India’s bio-energy and ethanol blending policies play a crucial role in achieving energy security, reducing carbon emissions, and supporting farmers. While these policies have made significant progress, addressing infrastructural and environmental challenges is essential for their long-term success. As India moves towards its Net Zero 2070 goal, biofuels will be a key pillar in the country’s green energy transition.